Comparative Study of Maruti Suzuki & Hyundai Motors Essay Example for Free

Comparative Study of Maruti Suzuki Hyundai Motors EssaySince, this is a paid assistance may be other respondents would no. rich person asked for the said assistance. Since it is provided by the company to every customer whosoever demands it. Q. 6 Do you find your vehicle comfortable for a long journey? 6 break through of 15 respondents do not find their vehicle comfortable for long journey. So it could be said that out of 100 customers 40 are satisfactory with their vehicle in the above stated parameter. Q. 7 Does your vehicle need regular maintenance? 10 out of 15 respondents said that their vehicle require regular maintenance. save 5 out of 15 dont feel that their vehicle needs maintenance.Q. 8 If given an opportunity will you pitch your vehicle to a similar work of another company? 8 out of 15 respondents will change their vehicle to a similar model of other company if they were given such opportunity. This parameter states that more than half of the customers are un comfortable with the overall performance of their vehicle. Q. 9 Electronic devices such as power windows, central locking system provided in your vehicle are up to the mark or not? All the 15 respondents are in full satisfied with the electronic devices, central locking provided in their vehicle.This means each and every customer of Hyundai considers electronic devices are up to the mark. Y axis representing no. of answers Comparison of customer cheer Findings (1) Majority of the customers of Maruti Suzuki and Hyundai motors are satisfied with the vehicle they have purchased. A very small proportion of them are not satisfied with the vehicle when asked about their dissatisfaction most of them said that they are satisfied but not completely satisfied. (2) A good no. of respondents did not find their vehicles furnish effective said that their vehicle doesnt give mileage as stated by the company.When an executive of a company was contacted he said the soil for the above is not keeping the right air pressure in tyres continuous fluctuations in speed. (Acceleration) (3) Both the companies Maruti Suzuki and Hyundai are providing the best of the services to the customers through their cunning of state workshop under one roof. However the reason for dissatisfaction of certain customers cannot be embed out. Reason may be higher costs of servicing. (4) Since, our query was for small car segment still customers were comfortable with boot space head room of their vehicle.However this is a parameter that is more dependent on height of the person. Therefore it could be said that most of the customers are satisfied. (5) On road assistance is provided by both the companies that too 24 hours through a toll free number. Most of the customers were unaware of any such service they actually asked me what it is. (6) Majority of the customers of Maruti Suzuki select to go on long journey in the diesel variants of the vehicles as it is more comfortable and economi cal. Hyundai owners rarely go for long journey on their own vehicle they too prefer diesel vehicle such as innova, scorpio, etc. 7) Upon analysis of the data collected it is found that vehicles of Maruti Suzuki need lesser maintenance as compared to the vehicles of Hyundai motors. (assumption- equal running) (8) Customers of Maruti Suzuki do not prefer to change their vehicle. However more than half of the owners of Hyundai are ready to change their vehicles with a similar model of another make. This may be on direct of lower fuel efficiency or higher maintenance costs. (9) All the respondents of both the companies were satisfied with the electronic devices provided by the company.A customer of Maruti Suzuki was saying he has been using Maruti since 2002 and havent got any problem with the wiring or anything like that till today. Suggestions Suggestions for Companies. (1) Keep the service costs of the vehicles competitive. (2) Spares must be affordable. (3) filter on RD to maximiz e customers satisfaction through continuous improvement in the products and services. (4) Training to customers for necessary maintenance. (5) Make more fuel efficient engines. (6) Maximize the room in the car. (7) Making the interiors even more attractive. (8) Increasing the number of free services from 4 to 6. 9) Ensure consumer satisfaction. Suggestions for customers (1) Operating the vehicle as it is recommended. (2) Keeping the tyre pressure as it is recommended to get efficiency in fuel consumption. (3) Timely maintenance regular servicing as specified in the manual so as to get best results from the vehicle. (4) Vehicle should be driven by the person who is competent and experienced, a novice may falter it. (5) Deciding in advance what they really want in their vehicle then buying this will boost the level of satisfaction derived. Conclusion It was found that majority of the customers were satisfied with the vehicle they have chosen.And the small car segment is flourishing in the Indian car market. It is annually growing around 18-20%. However this is due to the easy availability of loans and finances to the end consumers. This is a great opportunity for the companies to encash by increasing the level of satisfaction they can not nevertheless increase their sales volumes but will have satisfied customers as salubrious. Companies are trying their level best to maximize the customers satisfaction by continuously spending on research and development. In the long run this is definitely going to help the company in its revenues as well as its market share and therefore its goodwill.

Theory still have value Essay Example for Free

Theory still have value EssayJean Piaget (1896 1980) was a constructivist theorist. He saw children as constructing their own world, compete an active part in their own development. Children are intrinsically motivated to interact with their environment and so learn about the world they exit in. Piagets appreciation opened up a new window into the inner working mind and as a result he carried out some unparalleled studies on children that had a powerful influence on theories of child thought. This essay is going to explain the main features and principles of the Piagetian hypothesis, how Piaget has influenced education and relate the Piagetian theory to two challenging perspectives, social constructivism and connectionist modelling. Piaget saw children as constructing their own world, playing an active part in their own development, which was the bulk of his work but besides believed that social context was an important feature as well. Children are intrinsically motivated to interact with their environment and so learn about the world they live in. Piaget believed that children had the ability to adapt to their environment and saw intelligence as an evolutionary process.Piaget alleged childrens persuasion goes through changes at each of cardinal full stops (sensori motor, concrete operations and formal operations) of development until they can think and reason as an adult. The stages represent qualitatively different ways of thinking, are universal, and children go through each stage in the same order. According to Piaget each stage must be completed before they can move into the next one and involving increasing levels of institution and increasingly logical underlying structures. Piaget stated that the lower stages never disappear they become integrated into the new stage (hierarchic integration) (Inhelder and Piaget, 1958). Children themselves, through their actions on the environment, interacting with there biologically determined level of m aturation, bring about the cognitive changes, which result in adult thinking.The stages theory is open to critique as they are too determined and neglects individual differences such as memory span, motivation etc. Piaget also underestimated the age at which children could do things. This maybe because he failed to distinguish between competency and performance. Piagets studies tested performance and then he assumed that a child who failed simply lacked the underlying cognitive structures that he believed were needed to succeed on that task.subsequent research suggests that a child may have these competencies earlier than Piaget suggested. However, simply to focus on age limits is to miss the central point of Piagets theory that universal, qualitative, biologically regulated cognitive changes occur during development. This is supported by cross-cultural research that has replicated Piagets findings (Smith et al, 1998).A positive aspect is that Piagets view of children as active co nstructors of their own cognitive world had considerable educational implications, with its emphasis on discovery learning, sensitivity to childrens readiness to learn, and acceptance of individual differences. Piagets main features suggest that the role of the teacher is to give children to engage with their environment in an active way and have appropriate experiences at appropriate times so as to foster their natural subject matter to learn. (Gupta and Richardson, 1995 p8) These experiences will only be effective if full account is taken of the childrens level of understanding. As a result Piagets psychological research has provided evidence for the Plowden wrap up and some teachers have applied Piagets theory to their teaching methods in relation to the importance of active learning, qualitative differences between child and adult thinking, and the influence of environmental experience on development.Piagets theory is immensely rich, deep and quite often very difficult as su ch it resists encapsulation. However, it is possible to draw out authoritative themes. Piaget clearly distinguishes between development and learning, believing the former to be a spontaneous, structured whole, in contrast to the provoked, limited nature of the latter. Piaget argued that there are four main factors in the development of one set of structures from a nonher maturation, experience, social transmission and equilibration.Piaget devised a number of ingenious tests of thought to illustrate this style of thinking and to study how children developed the ability to significantise that there are things that do non change even when there are perceptual transformations. (Light and Oates, 1990 pg 101). He illustrated his models of egocentricism by using a three mountains task and conservation tasks. These studies came to the following conclusions that children are 1) unable to conserve, 2) They are unable to reserve mental operations and 3) they are perceptually egocentric. Wh en discussing Piagets experiments ecological validity needs to be taken into account. Piaget used his own children as participants and the clinical interview method also casts doubts.Another criticism relates to the concept of biological maturation or readiness. If the development of cognitive structures is related to maturity, then class period should not improve performance. In other words, if a person is not biologically ready to move on to the next stage then no amount of practice should get them there. However, there is evidence to suggest that practice can make a difference (Danner and Day 1977).Piaget did not deny the role of experience. He used the concept of horizontal decalage to explain why it is that not all aspects of the same stage appear at the same time for example, the ability to conserve number and volume may not appear at the same time, but one after the other. He suggested that uneven cognitive performance is probably due to different learning experiences.A thir d criticism relates to the role of language and social factors. Piaget did not feel that language influenced cognitive development. To incorporate these two elements researchers have extended Piagets experiments. Margaret Donaldson (1978, as cited by Lights and Oates, p 114) argued that the real problem with the Piagetian tasks is that they are testing diembedded thinking on the part of the child they are asking the child to solve problems unrelated to the childs own cognition and experience. A change in materials used will enable children to perform better on some tasks than on others.

In Mass Boom Wing Structure Engineering Essay

In throng Boom telephone extension Structure Engineering EssayWing structure is a main part of the aircraft which transmits go applied packs and provide and maintain aerodynamic shape.Mass Box institutionaliseBox beamMulti-sparDelta Winghttp//www.free-online-private-pilot-ground-school.com/images/ reference-components.gifFIGURE 1 Wing components (http//www.free-online-private-pilot-ground-school.com/aircraft-structure.html)1.1 Mass sweep through structureIn aggregative inflate wing structure there are flanges with one or two spares to bear the bending and the torsional load is carried by spar webs. The outer wing is only works against the buckling due to hook deposits with help of the ribs and span wise stiffeners. Mass holloa structure is broadly speaking use on slow aircraft with thick wings and low wing loadings. (Torenbeek.E 1999, p259)CUserscompaqDesktopCapturen.PNGFIGURE 3 Typical single spar Mass boom structure (SYNTHESIS OF SUBSONIC AIRPLANE DESIGN, 1988)Advantag es in Mass boom structureTapered booms are uncomplicated to manufacture and might be modified to the topical anesthetic stress level preferred. High stress levels are achievable.Dis receiptss of Mass boom structureFailure of spar boom is catastrophic, due to the absence of fail-safe characteristics the mass boom wing structure is no longer used in new transport aircraft designs. Due to the high stress in the spar boom the deflections chthonian bending loads are bountiful. The skin plays no part in, the absorbing the bending turn so that is not used very efficiently. If two-spar soma is used, the spar height is less than the airfoil oppressiveness. The forces in the spar booms due to bending are thus increased and more material will be required. Many ribs are required to stabilize the spar booms. The skin will be buckle when loaded if no stringers are used this will adversely affected the aerodynamic cleanness. (Torenbeek.E 1999, p260)1.2 Box beam structureIn box beam constructi on there are thin skins or webs and stringer jointed in box shape. This wing designed to carry shear, bending and torsional loads.Box beam structures incorporate skin panels, which are stressed only to take shear forces, moreover also the end load due to bending. From the point of view of fail-safe design and stressed skin structure is much better than the mass boom type. (Torenbeek.E ,1999, p260)This method is more suitable for aircraft wings with medium to high load intensities and differs from the mass boom concept in that the upper and lower skins also append to the span wise bending resistance. Another difference is that the concept incorporates span wise stringers to support the highly-stressed skin panel area. The resultant use of a large number of end-load carrying members improves the overall geomorphological damage tolerance. http//www.scribd.com/doc/39959654/WINGAdvantages of box beam structureThe advantages of the box beam will be evident when abundant skin thickness is required to obtain sufficient tensional rigidity on wing design for high speed and thin, high aspect proportion wings. In lightly loaded wings, however the stress level in the upper skin will be kept fairly low to distract buckling and the differences in weight will be small as compared with the mass boom type.Disadvantages of box beam structureInteractions among the ribs and stringers are a main advantage of the box beam, because of these ribs has to go by the stringers or path of the load can be fail. Also this structure has many joints which make the wing structure heavy. It call for more assemble time, increases complexity, stress concent ration areas and manufacturing cost.( http//www.scribd.com/doc/30983628/olaestruclayout-1)2. MATERIAL SELECTION FOR THE WING STRUCTURESeveral significant factors considered when selecting materials for aircraft structural applications.http//www.scielo.oces.mctes.pt/pdf/ctm/v20n3-4/v20n3-4a11.pdf Materials properties such as crowning(pren ominal) stress Yield stress Stiffness Temperature limits Corrosion resistance Fatigue resistance Fracture toughness Fragility at low temperatures Crack harvest-feast resistance Ductility Maintainability Reliability FabricabilityThe main group of materials used in aircraft construction has been Wood Steel Aluminum alloys Titanium alloys Fiber reinforced composites aluminium alloys usage in structural partsIn aircraft structures Aluminium alloys are mainly used since its a relatively low-cost, simply produced and machined.Rib is a structural part of the wing to which keeps the aerodynamic profile, and oppose the distributed aerodynamic pressure loads along with the skin, distribute concentrated loads into the structure redistribute stress nigh any discontinuities Increase the column buckling strength of the stringers through end restraint.( http//www.scribd.com/doc/30983628/olaestruclayout-1) Increase the skin panel buckling strength. Group 7000 aluminum alloy used in Compression a pplications like this, where static strength is more important than fatigue or damage tolerance. It is also used in Upper wing surfaces and beams.Wing Spars Transmit bending and tensional loads. Produce a closed-cell structure to provide resistance to torsion, shear and tension loads. (http//www.scribd.com/doc/30983628/olaestruclayout-1)These usually comprise thin aluminium alloy webs and flanges, sometimes with separate vertical stiffeners riveted to the webs. The flanges are extruded or machined and bolted or riveted onto the webs.Skin is to form impermeable aerodynamic surface, Transmit aerodynamic forces to ribs stringers, Resist shear torsion loads.( http//www.scribd.com/doc/30983628/olaestruclayout-1) Aluminium alloy used to manufacture the wing.Aluminium alloys and their recommended applicationsMaterialRecommended Application2024-T3, T42, T351, T81Use for high strength tension application has trounce fracture toughness, slow crack growth rate and good fatigue life.2224-T3, 2324-T38% improvement strength over 2024-T3 fatigue and toughness better than 2024-T3.7075-T6, T651, T 7351Have higher strength than 2024, lower fracture toughness, and use for tension applications where fatigue is not critical.7079-T6Similar to 7075 but has better thick section properties than 7075.7150-T611% improvement strength over 7075-T5. Fatigue and toughness better than 7075-T6.717-T6, T651Use for compression application.Aluminium-Lithium10% lighter, 10% stiffer and superior fatigue performance than other AL alloys.PM AluminiumHigher strength, good fatigue life, good toughness, higher temperature capability and superior corrosion resistance.TABLE 2 ALUMINIUM ALLOYS AND THEIR RECOMMENDED APPLICATIONS (FROM AIRFRAME STRUCTURAL DESIGN, assist EDITION 2002, p 102)WoodThe first aircraft were constructed from wood since Wood has a good Strength/weight ratio about 0.1 same as aluminum alloys. http//www.scielo.oces.mctes.pt/pdf/ctm/v20n3-4/v20n3-4a11.pdfSteelSteel are applied in va rious components in an aircraft. Steel is used for highly stressedComponents because of its high strength.TitaniumTitanium has an delicate relation stress/weight, good Resistance to corrosion and good creep proprieties. Its uses are limited for special proposes. http//www.scielo.oces.mctes.pt/pdf/ctm/v20n3-4/v20n3-4a11.pdf3. BENDING MOMENT REDUCTION OF THE WINGThe bending-moment is the force at each location on the spar that bends the wing upward during normal non-inverted flight, the force rotating the wing around the fuselage. The bending-moment is zero at the wing-tip and level best at the root. But its value is not proportionate across the span. In other words, it is not half as much at the wing mid-point as it is at the root. In fact, the mid-point bending-moment is only about a 1/4 of the root value.A340-200 is a modern passenger transport design which has box beam structure wing with 197ft wing span and 610,000 lb maximum takeoff weight.( http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus _A340Specifications)Bending moment = (Total weight*Total wing span)/8FIGURE 5 BENDING MOMENT VS SPAN POSITIONThemaximum bending momentmagnitude occurs at thewingrootWing weight is linearly proportional to the wing root bending moment. Therefore if we lop the weight of the aircraft by using light material it can reduce the maximum bending moment on the wing root. Also the wing span is proportional to bending moment the bending moment can be reduced by reduction the wing span of the aircraft.Wing with high aspect ratio with entire swept box structure wing moves towards the root and therefore forward of the aircraft. whence in order to maintain balance smaller wing lift and larger tail plane lift will be required. The inboard swag in the lift will decrease the wing root bending moment.When engines are mounted on the wings, their weight is obviously going to be borne by the wing structure, along with inertia loads as the aircraft maneuvers. Thrust forces from the engines will also b e carried by the wings. With pod-mounted engines the thrust force is bellow the wing and so this tends to twist the wing. This can be used to balance the effect of the aerodynamics of the wing which creates a nose down pitching moment. Another advantage of wing mounted engines is that their weight is close to the area in which lift is produce. This reduces the total fuselage reducing the shear force and bending moment at the wing appendix to the fuselage. So putting the engines on the wings provides bending relief. (Wilkinson 2009,p 32)Outboard fuel tanks reduce the wing bending moment.If the landing gear is not mounted under the wing it reduces the wing weight and it also reduce the bending moment of the wing.Braced wings reduce the wing weight by 30% and it helps to reduce the bending moment of the wing.CUserscompaqDesktopUntitled.pngFIGURE 6 LOADING EFFECTS ON A WING4. EFFECTS OF WING THICKNESS TO WING angleThe thickness of the airfoil affects the drag, maximum lift, stall char acteristics and the structural weight. The thickness is generally given as a ratio of the chord which is referred to as the thickness ratio or the thickness to chord ratio (t/c). An airfoil with a high thickness ratio decrease wing weight since both bending and torsional thickness increase with increasing the thickness. (Roskam, J, 2002, p69)Wing weight is strongly affected by thickness, particularly for cantilever wings. Thicker is lighterFIGURE 7 Effect of Thickness proportionality on Wing Weight (Airplane Design, 2002)GD method (Roskam, J, 2002, p69) to estimate the wing weight of the commercial transport aircraftsWw = 0.00428(S0.48) (A) (MH) 0.43 (WTO nult) 0.84 () 0.14/ 100 (t/c) m 0.74 (Cos 1/2)1.54 (Roskam, J, 2002, p69)Definition of cost and data of Boeing 747-400Ww = Structural weight of the wingS = Wing area in ft2 = 6027.78ft2A = Wing aspect ratio = 7.4WTO = Takeoff weight in lbs = 875,000lbnult = design ultimate load factor = 1.5 = Wing taper ratio = 0.37(t/c) m = Maxi mum wing thickness ratio1/2 = Wing semi-chord sweep angle = 33.50MH = Maximum Mach number at sea level = 0.885This equation is valid only in the following parameter rangesMH from 0.4 to 0.8(t/c)m from 0.08 to 0.15 and A from 4 to 12Ww = 0.00428(60280.48) (7.4) (0.885) 0.43 (875000- 1.5) 0.84 (0.37) 0.14/ 100 (t/c) m 0.74 (Cos 33.50)1.54 When (t/c)m is 0.08,Ww = 36747.3657When (t/c)m is 0.15 Ww = 23078.37734From the above calculations we can come to a conclusion that the thicker wing is lighter than the thinner wing.(1494 Words)

International Trade Structure

International Trade StructureExamine the International Trade Structure. Do you accept Krasners Argument for an Open Trade Regime? Address his need for a Hegemon.Now that todays world is more of a global village, world-wide cover has force institutionalized not only by economical factors, exclusively also non-economic factors. Trade is not solely based on commercial objectives rather politics also plays a preponderating role in it. some(prenominal) of the world(prenominal) trade outline two drives and reacts to national, semipolitical, fiscal and monetary policies (Hanink 1989 268). As a result, there are new emerging problems and concerns that put up come up in the international trading structures (Boger 1958 1753). The international system is anarchicalsovereign states are rational self- captivateking actors resolutely if not exclusively concerned with sexual relation gains (Krasner 1992 39).Trade usually takes place keeping in view the classical principles of opportuni ty cost, factor endowment theory and comparative advantage where, each expanse specializes in those branches of production in which it has a comparative advantage, or in other words produce those goods whose costs are relatively lowest (Ellsworth 1940 286-287). However, the international trade system can best be regarded as a situation of prisoners dilemma under which the best outcome for an individual thespian is for that player to cheat by for instance imposing an optimal tariff, while the other player cooperates. However, if both players cheat, they depart be worse off than if both had cooperated (Goldstein, Krasner 1984 284). data-based findings suggest that the winning strategy for this sort of a situation is the Tit for Tat strategy in which the player cooperates on the first move and accordingly does whatever the other player did on the preceding move (Goldstein, Krasner 1984 284). In their views, such a strategy is not meant to start a trade state of war rather its aim is to promote cooperation and set-apartr trade (1984 284). The prisoners dilemma depiction also claims that a stable system of international free trade involves the supply of a common good. Such goods are joint in supply and non-excludable (Gowa 1989 1245). This public good may be one or numerous depending upon the case. These public goods implicate political stability, regional stability, progressive economies etc.After the second World War the emphasis of the trade regime was to regulate all trade distortions. good-looking rules, norms and procedures were to be adopted by states and patrolled by international organizations (Goldstein, Krasner 1984 282). But in todays world, the bulk of international trade takes place between the industrialized or gamy countries. This pattern of trade is in contradiction to the factor endowment theory because trade is taking place between countries with similar, rather than dissimilar, factor (capital) endowments (Hanink 1988 323).The internat ional trade structure is also characterized by the hegemonic stability theory which asserts that an on the loose(p) international trading regime is most likely where there is a single dominant power (Krasner 1992 40). This view is held by Krasner, Gilpin, Kindelberger and Hirschman. A hegemonic power creates a stable international order and the hegemons decline leads to global instability (Stein 1984 355). The assumptions of this theory are that the international system is anarchical with nation-states being the dominant actors, the international market is a non-homeostatic market and the nation-states seek to maximize their absolute and relative gains from trade (Lake 1984 149). It asserts that the hegemon has an incentive to see if the collective good is provided even if the hegemon alone has to bear the full burden of providing it. The hegemonic leader will place a bulkyer, absolute value upon a liberal international economy than others and, as a result, will undertake to stabi lize the international economy and construct a strong regime (Lake 1984 146). Because of the provision of public goods, the element of free riders exist. Kindleberger argues that the international political economy will be stable only if a single leader is instinctive to assume right for maintaining a relatively open market for distress goods providing counter-cyclical long-term lending and discounting in a crisisthe leader must also undertake to manage in some degree the structure of foreign exchange rates and provide a degree of coordination of domestic monetary policies (Lake 1984 145). This theory asserts that only large states have the power, capabilities and the responsibility to lead the international economy. A hegemonic leader will place greater absolute value upon a liberal international economy than others and, as a result, will undertake to stabilize the international economy and construct a strong regime in order to achieve this goal (Lake 1984 146). So the hegemon wi ll provide the public good of stability and security because its hold benefits far exceed the costs that it has to bear.For the large nation, the larger its size is, the more willing it will be to opt for international stability because of its large relative and absolute gains from trade. The free functioning of the international market is therefore assumed to change state wealth in nations of high productivity. Under this assumption highly productive nations will give free play to the functioning of the international market and will favor free trade because they enjoy disproportionate benefits from such trade (Lake 1984 149). In the case of middle and smaller nations, they too will be in favor of such a system because they too will gain from the trade, although relatively less. The incentives to cheat and become a free rider are great enough that any international regime which depends on collective provision is inherently unstable. Stability can only be assured when a hegemon bot h bears the cost of providing the collective good and extracts the support of others (Stein 1984 356).But this theory has some loopholes as well. First, Krasner is concerned with regime formation and trade but he does not take historical context into account while explaining how the free trade regime is established. He mentions that a hegemon uses inducements and force to create or maintain open markets but does not provide a sense of how this occurs (Stein 1984 357). A hegemon cannot bring about a free trading regime, it can unilaterally lower its own tariffs but this by no means assert that it can create an international trading system of lower tariffs. Tariff bargains only leads to trade liberalization among major trading states. This leads to similar sort of nations trading with each other, especially the powerful trading with one another and the poor nations are discriminated against. It can call in an open trading regime on weak countries, but this too does not create an ope n regime (Stein 1984 358). This is evident from the fact that both in the 19th and the 20th centuries, the hegemonic power accepted compromises but itself deviated from the free trade ideal. The liberal trade regimes that emerged in both the centuries were founded on asymmetric bargains that permitted discriminations, especially against the hegemon. The agreement that lowered tariff barriers led not to free trade, but freer trade. In the process, they legitimated a great deal of mercantilism and protectionism (Stein 1984 359). Great Britain and the United States had important political motives behind their economic concessions. Also, such economic orders created by trade agreements have been sub systemic rather than global since only some states became parties to such agreements and umteen were actually excluded from them. They did not even provide collective goods because the non signatory states could be excluded. Thus the systems allowed for discrimination and exclusion, and can not be considered to have provided a collective good (Stein 1984 360).The periods dubbed free trade eras certainly saw years of rapid trade expansion, but they were hardly periods of free trade. Rather, they were periods of freer trade (Stein 1984 383). There was severe discrimination against those outside the system and these systems were based on asymmetric tariff bargains characterized by dumping. Also in the process of evolution, international trade has become institutionalized and non economic factors have become relatively important in evaluating the consequences of changes in the relevant variants (Boger 1958 1753). Krasner suggests nations may also be interested in additional goals of social stability, political power and economic growth (Lake 1984145).It is this dramatic change in the structure of the international trading system that has led to the creation of new problems and at the same time, more and antithetical concerns. Although the hegemon does provide collective g oods, it only promotes and creates liberal international economic orders because of their own vested interests in open markets and not because of altruism (Stein 1984 357). The hegemon effectively changes the policies of others to satisfy its own goalsthe leverage exerted by the hegemon may take many different forms including negative sanctions (threats), positive sanctions (rewards), the reconstructing of market incentives, ideological leadership or simply success worthy of opposition (Lake 1993 469). So it thus proves that the hegemon will go to any length just to satisfy its own self interests.BibliographyBoger, L.L 1958 DiscussionTrading Problems in International Marketsjournal of Farm Economics, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp 1753-1755http//links.jstor.org/Ellsworth, P.T 1940 A Comparison of International Trading TheoriesThe American Economic Review, Vol.30, No.2, pp 285-289http//links.jstor.org/Goldstein, Judith L. and Krasner, Stephen P 1984 Unfair Trade PracticesThe Case for a Differen tial result The American Economic Review, Vol. 74, No.2 pp 282-287http//links.jstor.org/Gowa, Joanne 1989 Bipolarity, Multipolarity and Free TradeThe American Political Science Review, Vol. 83, No. 4, pp 1245-1256http//links.jstor.org/Hanink, Dean M. 1989 IntroductionTrade Theories Scale and StructureEconomic geographics Vol. 65, No. 4, pp 267-270http//links.jstor.org/Hanink, Dean M. 1988 An Extended Linder Model of International TradeEconomic Geography Vol. 64, No. 4, pp 322-334http//links.jstor.org/Krasner, Stephen P. 1992 Realism, Imperialism and Democracy A Response to GilbertPolitical supposition Vol. 20, No. 1, pp 38-52http//links.jstor.org/Lake, David A. 1993 Leadership, Hegemony and the International Economy Naked Emperor or Tattered Monarch with Potential?International Studies Quarterly Vol. 37, No. 4, pp 459-489http//links.jstor.org/Lake, David A. 1984 Beneath the Commerce of Nations A Theory of International Economic StructuresInternational Studies Quarterly Vol. 28, No . 2, pp 143-170http//links.jstor.org/Stein, Arthur A. 1984 Great Britain, the United States, and the International Economic OrderInternational Organization Vol. 38, No.2, pp 355-386http//links.jstor.org/

Design of Interventional Biomedical Devices

objective of Interventional Bio medical checkup Devices1. Neurovascular Catheters and Engineering Design1. Case Study 1.The following catheter found in the cathlabdigest pen by Gill Laroya discusses the advancement of the design of interventional biomedical plaits from an engineering perspective and how engineers enhance the design of catheters to prevent problems such as kink. The article discusses aras such as the history of biomedical devices, the materials involved, design challenges and the interface. It discusses a specific example in terminals of catheters and their use. If a catheter must travel a long distance inwardly the neurovascular build, the engineer designing the product might decide to incorporate a shaft support component, such as a stainless steel plash in raise to enhance the small catheters kink safeguard. The down side of incorporating the stainless steel pleat is its mightiness to travel within tight sections and unsteady shaped b exterminates wi thin the neurovascular system. In order to solve this problem a stainless steel coil support is added to the distal end of the catheter, the summation of the coil support enhances lateral flexibility and adding hoop potentiality to even better the kink resistance of the small catheter. Also, the engineer throne add a lubricous hydrophilic coating to the catheter to improve axial and rotational giftling of the device and reduce trauma on the walls of the veins and arteries. The study shows us how we sens design micro catheters to prevent problems such as kink occurring. Cathlabdigest.com. (2016). The Design of Interventional Devices An Engineers Perspective Cath Lab Digest. 2. Neurovascular Catheter DesignThe following article was posted in medical checkup Tubing Types by Shana Leonard on December 12, 2014. Form the article it is predicted that by 2020 the neurovascular market will founder $600 million, according to iData Research. A key factor contributing to the growth of this ara is down to the various advancements of the biomedical device. The design goal for minimally tres leaving(a) surgical devices is to strive towards engineering the smallest possible outside diameter for a micro catheter device without compromising any of the completeance characteristics. Designing neurovascular catheters to meet these constraints must take into account the intricate neurovascular anatomy. Mddionline.com. (2016). Key Considerations for Designing Neurovascular Microcatheters MDDI Medical Device and diagnostic Industry News Products and Suppliers. According to Steven W. Berhow, president of Rogers, MN-based Biomerics move Catheter, he believes that upon designing neurovascular catheters they must contain the following traitsGood torque within the shaft from the proximal to distal end.flexibleness in the distal portion of the catheter.Kink Resistance.Visibility below fluoroscopy.Low Stretch.High Pressure.Good guidewire movement.These 7 traits stand as ra dical constraints when it comes to designing intricate, complicated neurovascular minimally invasive devices. see to it 2. Neurovascular Catheter Design. Mddionline.com. (2016). Key Considerations for Designing Neurovascular Microcatheters MDDI Medical Device and Diagnostic Industry News Products and Suppliers. 3. Advanced CathetersThe first affair you need to know is what an forward-looking catheter is. So according to Bill Alexander, Director of Business Development at Biomerics Advanced Catheter, an ripe catheter is a minimally invasive medical device that typically consists of a thin walled, braid reinforced tube or shaft with multiple durometers. An advanced catheter has the ability to navigate by the neurovascular anatomy and deliver implants and devices such as coils, heart stents etc.The difference between advanced catheters and traditional catheters faeces be mainly seen when it comes to manufacturing the product. A scant(p) error in the materials utilise in an advan ced catheter can lead to toiletiver errors as the specific wall thickness requirement of an advance catheter atomic number 18 very strict to ensure optimal performance. Characteristics such as pushability, trackability, torqueability and kink resistance are crucial for the advanced catheter design. Traditional catheters and advanced catheters are non mutually exclusive and can be used to benefit each other and improve patient surgical results. (2016). Advanced catheters What you need to know just about this growing medical device market.Figure 3 Advanced Catheters and Traditional Catheters. (2016). Advanced catheters What you need to know about this growing medical device market. Advanced catheters have the ability to incorporate new technologies and have a more complex design than traditional catheters.2. Human Neurovascular and Cardiovascular Anatomy1. Cardiovascular systemThe cardiovascular system consists of the heart and crosscurrent vessels along with blood itself. I t transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and more and is powered by the heart. The heart consists of 2 circulatory loops, the pulmonary circulation loop and the authoritative circulation loop. The pulmonary circulation transports deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and ventricle to the lungs. The systematic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left atrium and left ventricle to all around the body. The cardiovascular system consists of blood vessels, coronary circulation (hearts own set of blood vessels), hepatic portal circulation (veins of stomach and in runines) and the blood itself (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma). An understanding of the complex network and its physical structures are important when designing non-invasive medical devices. System, C. (2016). Cardiovascular System. InnerBody. Figure 4 Cardiovascular System. Slideshare.net. (2016). Circulatory system Power charge Blood vessels are the road network by which blood transports around the body and returns okay to the heart again. This intricate tiny transportation system of blood vessels has a major part to play when engineering advanced catheters and ensuring problems such as kinking dont occur.2. Structure and Functions of Blood VesselsBlood vessels consist of arteries and veins. Arteries bring blood away from the heart. As the arteries are brought away from the heart they eventually engender smaller and are broken down to the smallest arteries called arterioles which further branch into capillaries where gases and nutrients are excreted or exchanged. Veins have a larger structure and bring blood back to the heart again. As can be seen below in figure 4, the cardiovascular circuit can be seen where two main circulatory systems occur. The pulmonary circulatory system and systematic circulatory system. Each providing their own different structural differences that engineers must take into account when designing minimally invasive medical devices. Philsch atz.com. (2016). Structure and Function of Blood Vessels Anatomy and Physiology. Figure 5 Structure of Blood Vessels. Philschatz.com. (2016). The structure of blood vessels can be seen below. The artery and the veins vary in thickness as can be seen from the micrograph in figure 6. From figure 5, it can be seen that Arteries have a thicker Tunica media than Veins but veins have a larger tunica externa than arteries.Figure 6 Arteries vs Veins Structural differences. Philschatz.com. (2016). Figure 7 Micrograph showing the relevant difference in thickness. Philschatz.com. (2016). As can be seen in figure 6 and 5, vein walls are considerably thinner than Artery walls meaning veins withstand a much lower pressure of blood passing by them.Table 1 Appearance of Arteries and Veins. Philschatz.com. (2016). Arteries Veins General Appearance Thick walls, small lumen Rounded appearanceThin walls, large lumen flatten appearanceConor Patrick Goold, DME4.73. Shapes of Catheters in the Neurova scular Anatomy1. Guide Catheters and shapes in the Neurovascular system.The following is an example of a Stryker neurovascular catheter called the DAC catheter. From figure 8, it can be seen that the DAC catheter accesses the distal neurovasculature. It achieves this by providing compound stability through a braided shaft and this in turn also returns resistance to ovulation. Preventing shapes such as snaking and reducing friction against the blood vessel walls. Stryker.com. (2016). Neurovascular Intervention DAC Catheter Stryker. Figure 8 Catheters, Shapes and Uses. Stryker.com. (2016). Neurovascular Intervention DAC Catheter Stryker. 2. Neurovascular Catheters in the Brain.The following images are obtained through a technique that requires the use of a minimally invasive advanced neurovascular catheter. What these images do is they give a visual understanding of the intricate nature in which the catheters must travel within the cardio vascular system. To do this the catheter i s guided under x-ray guidance through neurovascular and cardiovascular system. The catheter for this procedure is usually brought to a blood vessel located in the neck and a non-ionic x-ray parentage agent is injected into the blood vessels which then in turn travels through to the brain. Prior to this procedure the catheter is then removed through the groin and the bleeding is stopped through direct manual compression or by utilise a vascular closure device. Neuroangio.org. (2016). Introductory Brain Angiography neuroangio.org. Figure 9 ICA Internal carotid Artery. Neuroangio.org. (2016). Introductory Brain Angiography neuroangio.org. In order to reach such distances in the neurovascular system, many advanced catheters are used to travel so far. The positionment of a large support catheter through the groin goes first and then a variation of other smaller catheters are deployed through the larger catheter in order to reach the required location and deploy medical devices such as coils and stents.Figure 10. CT scan of Brain. Neuroangio.org. (2016). Introductory Brain Angiography neuroangio.org. 3. Neurovascular Catheters in the heart.Figure 11 shows the side of a pacemaker into the heart by the deployment from a minimally invasive advanced catheter. The catheter enters the body through the collar bone on the left hand side of the heart and enters through the veins to place an electronic or mechanical pacemaker into the heart to overcome heart problems such as tachyarrhythmias, which occurs when your heart vanquish too fast or bradyarrhythmias, which occurs when your heart beats too slow. System, C. (2016). Cardiovascular System.Figure 11 Advanced Catheters in the Heart. System, C. (2016). Cardiovascular System. From figure 11, the C shaped position of the catheter can be seen. A number of issues can occur from an engineering perspective when a catheter must bend into the shape of a C. Kinking can occur at the maximum area of stress and strain. Engineer s must design their advanced catheters in order to prevent kink from occurring and so a strengthener braid is usually added to increase the hoop stresses of the catheter and the addition of this braid also provides better torqueability and pushability of the medical delivery device to allow it to bend to the required positions to deploy a pacemaker in the heart.4. Research into Existing trial run manners1. Simple existing Test method actingsThe following is the to the highest degree basic of adjudicate methods implemented by physicians when no Standard strain method is available and time is of the essence. This method was applied when surgeons were experiences kinking in catheters when deployed into patients. In order to predetermine kink from happening the physicians used a simple bending technique to test for the kinking limit of catheters. If the catheter kinked, the unit was rendered useless, if not it was determined safe to use. This method is clearly not an optimal orig in so further investigation into the kinking limit of catheters had to be researched and developed. Beamer, J. and French, G. (2016). A simple method for testing for the kinking epidural catheter.Figure 12 Simple Test Method No kink LHS and Kinked RHS. Beamer, J. and French, G. (2016). A simple method for testing for the kinking epidural catheter. 1.1 Simple existing test methodsThe catheter bends around the pin, having a predetermined diameter, D. The diameter can range from a number of different values, 5mm 50mm. The catheter is bent around the template and contacts the template at 2 tangential locations, to generate a curvature and predetermine L = D.Figure 13 Kink resistance Test Method. Anon, (2016). 2. Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff Non-Clinical Engineering Tests and Recommended Labelling for Intravascular Stents and Associated Delivery SystemsThe following FDA guidelines outline the trites to die hard by when dealing with stents and associated delivery systems. It details how the content and format of test info should be summarised in a report as well as detailing the test reports and test protocol procedures to carry out. For this test method, a review of the non-clinical engineering section was undertaken focusing on the section B (Stent Dimensions and running(a) attributes) of the non-clinical engineering test, part 16. Part 16 gave FDA guidelines in kink resistance. The significance of outlining FDA guidelines for stents which are delivered by advanced catheters, it to prevent kink occurring when the normal body is in motion such as an elbow joint flexing and to ensure that no deformation to the stent occurs. This also applied to the stent delivery system when the physician deploying the stent into the human anatomy as the advanced catheter must be engineered to prevent kink from occurring upon deployment.The recommended outcome to prevent kink from happening, according to the FDA guidance document, is to determine the smallest radius o f curvature that the stent can withstand and recover to its original shape and size. The test carried out to determine the smallest radius of curvature must replicate the area to which the stent will be deployed i.e. the femoral arteries. This recommended advice for implementing stents to the human body can be tailored towards the stent delivery systems also i.e. the advanced catheters. Therefore these guidelines will be taken into account when developing a test method to determine the kinking limit of catheters. See appendices for further detail regarding the FDA guidance documents discussed. Fda.gov. (2016). Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff Non-Clinical Engineering Tests and Recommended Labeling for Intravascular Stents and Associated Delivery Systems. 3. Standards and guidelinesProtomedLabs provide a list of standards and regulations that relate to flexibility and kink resistance test methods. Information on the state of the art available testing equipment is provided such as the interventional device testing equipment (IDTE) from MSI which will be discussed further in part 4 of this section (MSI Catheter testing equipment). The ProtomedLabs provide information on flexibility kink resistance regarding applicable standards, related tests and test method descriptions. Applicable standards such as the FDA guidelines discussed in heading 2 above as well as ASTM standard guide for three point bending of balloon expandable vascular stents and stent systems which will be further discussed in section 5 of the literature review. Protomedlabs.com. (2016). Flexibility Kink Resistance Protomed Labs. 4. MSI Catheter testing equipmentState of the art interventional device testing equipment (IDTE), compares tests and analyses performance catheters, quantifying the data of each catheter cosmos tested. The PC allows for simple and repeatable tests with fast feedback on design changes of the catheter.The IDTE was designed taking into account several different standa rds and test regulations such as ISO standard 25539-1 which covers cardiovascular implants endovascular devices and ISO 15539 Cardiovascular implants Endovascular Prostheses. The product is the most state of the art catheter testing equipment available right now and differentiates itself from the rest of the market by having the ability to test catheters in extremely realistic and gainsay conditions. MSI. (2016). Catheter Testing MSI.Figure 14. IDTE Test Equipment. MSI. (2016). Catheter Testing MSI. The IDTE has a high temperature range with ambient temperatures of 50oC, a water bath with a temperature accuracy of +/- 2oC. It has auxiliary freightage cells of 100g and distal load cells of 1kg. It has the ability to test track force which is the force needed to advance a catheter, push efficiency which measures the amount of force being measured from the proximal end to the distal end, flexibility, torqueability a measure of the rotational response, retractability a measure of t he amount of force required to withdraw a catheter and the crossability which measures the ability of a catheter to cross the abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body. The machine itself weighs 250kg with a height of 1372mm, width of 1194mm and a depth of 940mm. the output data of each tested is outputted onto a computer where numerical or graphical results can be formulated. MSI. (2016). Catheter Testing MSI. 5. Current Test Methods available to determine Kinking Point1. ASTM F2606 Standard guide for three-point bending of balloon expandable vascular stents and stent systemsThe three point bending of stent system guidelines provide a test method that can be used to compare the flexibility of different advanced catheters by comparing load deflection curves and by comparison of calculated slopes of the curves.The test method uses a simple 3 point bending test. The upper single load applier and the two static load supporters as seen below in figure 14 must have a radius of 6.35mm . Another requirement of this test is that both the upper load applier and the two crumb static load supporters must be make of a material with a low friction coefficient so that they do contribute to the results outputted from carrying out this experiment.This test method can also be carried out in a bath of 37oC, which replicates the ambient body temperature and realistic conditions, if this application is necessary, the fixtures can be made from stainless steel or other materials that will not rust.Figure 15 Example of a three point bending test. YouTube. (2017). Catheter Bend Test at Anecto. This test has many benefits as it can many advanced catheters can be used with this method and it is applicable to many different products. It does not cause damage to the product prior to testing and can test the kinking limit along different material junctions. The test method ASTM F2606 uses a elastic tester to output its results to a computer in numerical or graphical form. Instron.us. (2017). ASTM F2606 Three-Point Bending Balloon Expandable Vascular Stents and Stent Systems Instron.3. BS EN 13868 Catheters test methods for kinking of single lumen catheters and medical tubingThis standard test method looks at the kinking of catheters being used for short term or long term uses. The short term use determines the kinking limit of a catheter being used less in than an hour and the long term is above an hour. The tube is specify as being kinked when the flow meter (Labelled 4 in figure 15 below) is outputting a translation 50% lower than the original reading. The original reading is read when the kink tools (Labelled 7) are either 50mm, 100mm or 200mm apart, depending on the users required starting distance. When the kinking tools are being compressed by the tensile tester (Labelled 7) the mass flow rate of the water flowing from the beakers (Labelled 2) will begin to reduce. Once the mass flow rate reduces to 50% of its original the catheter is said to be kinke d and the test is complete.The results are outputted to a computer which gives numerical and graphical results. This test method is very beneficial as it is convenient, safe and fit for purpose. Difficulties whitethorn arise when using this test method when it comes to the fittings of the flow meter with the different sized catheters. As all catheters vary in sizes, the universal fitting of the flow meter may be difficult to mate with the distal/proximal ends of the various advanced catheters. See Appendices for more detail regarding BS EN 13868 kinking of single lumen catheters. European Standard, (2002). Catheters Test methods for kinking of single lumen catheters and medical tubing. BS EN 138682002. Figure 16 Short Term (LHS) and Long Term (RHS) Test methods for kinking single lumen catheters and medical tubings European Standard, (2002). Catheters Test methods for kinking of single lumen catheters and medical tubing. BS EN 138682002. 6. Proposed Mathematical Methods for Deter mining Optimal Test Method significant factors.1. abstract of Variance (ANOVA) Testing.The analysis of variance method determines if groups (related or unrelated) are statistically significant to each other. In order to carry out an ANOVA test, a surmise must first be determined. A hypothesis is a standard procedure about testing a claim about a property of a population. First a null hypothesis is formed. The Null hypothesis will test the significance of the hypothesis by either rejecting or failing to reject the claim of the null hypothesis. The Null hypothesis will claim that no difference exist between the population and the alternative hypothesis will claim that a difference exists between the populations. The alternative hypothesis will state that one or more of the parameters involved in a population will differ from the null hypothesis.The next step in an ANOVA test is to determine if the null hypothesis should be rejected or is it better to fail to reject the null hypothes is. In order to do so, an understanding of a shell 1 and type 2 error is needed. A type 1 error is when the null hypothesis is rejected when in fact it should be accepted. The symbol is used to represent a type 1 error. A type 2 error is the mistake of failing to reject the null hypothesis when in fact it is false. The symbol to represent a type 2 error is .In order to determine when the results are statistically significand and when the null hypothesis should be rejected, then p , therefore the result is statistically significant and the null hypothesis should be rejected.If p , then the null hypothesis should fail to be rejected and the results are statistically insignificant.Lacey, S. (2017). Mathematics for Engineers 402.2. summary of Variance (ANOVA) Examples.To show how the ANOVA method can be applied to the parameters involved in determining the kinking limit of catheters and which factors attribute to the kinking limit the most i.e. which are statistically significant o r insignificant, an example where an experiment was undertaken to test the effect of temperature and bar size on the UTS of a weld. The results from the experiment are show below in figure 16 and analysis of variance was carried out in order to determine the level of significance each parameter had on the strength of a weld. Lacey, S. (2017). Mathematics for Engineers 402. Figure 17 Analysis of Variance Example Dr. Sean Lacey, 2016, Mathematics for Engineers 402. Figure 18 Analysis of Variance Example Dr. Sean Lacey, 2016, Mathematics for Engineers 402. Figure 19 Analysis of Variance Example Dr. Sean Lacey, 2016, Mathematics for Engineers 402. Figure 20 Analysis of Variance Example Dr. Sean Lacey, 2016, Mathematics for Engineers 402. 7. Material Properties of Neurovascular CathetersAdvanced catheters are engineered to perform an increasing number of minimally invasive surgeries. They must be able to guide their way through the intricate pathways of the neurovascular, cardiovascu lar and other anatomies. In order to achieve these demands, using ultra small catheters of 0.5 mm, the design must be near perfect and material selection for this design is key. Catheters consists mainly of 3 layers, the liner, the weave and the outer sheath. They can be made up to lengths ranging from 900mm 1200 mm. the best material for use in catheters are fluoropolymers such as PTFE and FEP due to their biocompatibility and lubricous properties. PTFE is the most lubricous polymer on the market today followed by FEP. The materials can undergo secondary processing steps such as etching and cutting, along with post extrusion elaborateness such as heat-shrinking.The liner layer mainly is made from PTFE for it lubricity, ability to maintain a thin wall and have a small diameter.The braid reinforcement layer is mainly made from Type 304 or 306 stainless steel. This layer increase is strength and rigidity without kinking the catheter. It increases the rigidity at the proximal end wi th a smaller pitch between winds and decrease rigidity at the distal end with a larger pitch between winds. This is done to provide greater torque transition from the proximal to distal tip of the catheter. The coil provides a greater kink resistance to the catheter along with reinforcing the catheters liner against ovalization by tap the hoop stress.The outer sheath is made up of high performance materials such as Pebax, FEP, PTFE, ETFE, polyurethane, polyethylene and nylon. Mddionline.com. (2016). Think Extrusion and Beyond for Optimal Catheter Design MDDI Medical Device and Diagnostic Industry News Products and Suppliers.Figure 21 Material layers of a Neurovascular Catheter. Mddionline.com. (2016). Think Extrusion and Beyond for Optimal Catheter Design MDDI Medical Device and Diagnostic Industry News Products and Suppliers.

Essay --

How Jazz Musicians Influenced the Harlem RenaissanceJazz music was changed forever during the prime Harlem Renaissance, due to the great singers that changed the genre forever. Jazz music was a way for African Americas to get a sense of freedom. Singers like Billie Holiday, Louis Armstrong, and Lionel Hampton, for example, all took advantage of this freedom. Holiday, Armstrong and Hampton were so important to jazz music because they are still influence music today.Billie Holiday was born April 7th, 1915 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Holidays life was tinged with constant sadness, and she make every performance sound as if she had lived through the melancholy lyrics of the songs (Shipton Holiday). She moved to New York with her mother and she sang in local clubs in Manhattan, counterbalance though she had no experience schooling. Throughout her career she faced racism as she traveled, especially when she sang in an all-white big band this inspired her to touch base the desegregati on movement. One of her most famous songs Strange Fruits was about southern lynching. During her career,...

Renting Versus Buying Essay -- Compare Contrast Home Ownership

Buying a home office can be an exciting experience for anyone. However, in some cases you just might be smash off continuing to rent your home. There be many advantages to purchase a home. However, it is not for everyone and perverting varies from individual to individual. Currently much people are leaning towards renting but this could change in the near future.When someone makes the decision to buy or rent a home they must drive the advantages and disadvantages of each. In buying a home the primary advantage is that you actually own it. You can do whatever you want with it. Also, you are building honor as the years go by. People today have problems saving for their future (CNN Money, 2014). However, when they buy a home, the money they put downwardly for a down payment is an investment. When the person sells the home they get back the down payment and the amount the property has appreciated in value. When looking at the advantages of renting it is diffused to s ee the disadvantages of buying for some people. Even though you dont get the money back that you put into it, renting could be a more satisfying option for some. This is because renting allows for flexibility. The person can move wherever as soon as there lease is up. Renters whitethorn see buying as a reduction in lifestyle, moving to a smaller place, and perhaps a less expensive neighborhood. (CNN Money, 2014). For example someone who rents an apartment enjoys how the multifactorial keeps up the field of force and all the amenities it has to offer, and it is in an upper class part of town. However, when they buy they looks all the benefits, they have to do maintenance themselves, and move to an area they dont particularly like to fit their price range.So which is better? It jus... ...etrieved October 29, 2014, from http//homebuying.about.com/od/buyingahome/qt/BuyorRent.htmThis article explains how one should decide whether to buy a home or rent. Buying a home should be b ased on decisions of credit report, debt ratios, job stability or relocation, maintenance issues, and financial situation. It explains how not everyone should buy a house. Some people are actually better off renting.To rent or to buy? (2014). CNN Money. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http//money.cnn.com/2014/10/29/yourhome/q_rent_or_buy/index.htmThis article describes the disadvantages and advantages of buying or renting your home. It describes advantages of buying such as taxes and appreciation of the home. However, coming up with a down payment may be hard for many people. Renters may have less cost and more flexibility on when and where they can move to.