Jeff Bezos: The Founder of Amazon.com Essay -- essays research papers

Jeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon.com, was born in Albuquerque, invigorated Mexico in 1964. His mother, Jackie, was in her teens when he was born and she was only married to his biological father for about a year. She married Mike Bezos when Jeff was four years old. Mike was a Cuban who escaped to the United States when he was fifteen. He put himself through college in New Mexico and eventually became an engineer at Exxon.Jeff went to Princeton and studied electrical engineering and computer science. He graduated summa cum laude in 1986 with a GPA of 4.3 on a 4.0 scale.After he graduated from Princeton, Jeff linked a high-tech startup in New York called FITEL. After two years at FITEL, he joined Bankers Trust Company. At Bankers Trust, he setup computer systems that managed $250 billion in asse...

Knowledge of Good in Platos The Republic Essay -- Philosophy Religio

An Intellectual Knowledge of Good in Platos Republic Socrates might be a wise philosopher just now genius of his root words strikes me as particularly naive. In the allegory of the cave, he tells Glaucon that in the world of knowledge the idea of good appears last of all, and is seen only with an effort and that this is the power upon which he the intellectual would act rationally (517b-c). In other words, he seems to be implying that knowledge of rightness is a sufficient condition for being good. A person who has seen what goodness is will henceforth act in a way that is good. Is this belief justified? For instance, we sometimes do things that we know are not good but we do them nonetheless and feel guilty after that. If, as such cases imply, knowledge of goodness is not a sufficient condition for being good, so Platos dream of a utopia ruled by philosopher-kings could well be a nightmare. The philosophers who are supposed to have attained the idea of good (and are and so p rivileged to hold the citizens together by persuasion and necessity 519e) might turn out to be dictators. What is this idea of good which Socrates is talking about? check to him, it is the universal author of all things beautiful and right and the source of reason and truth in the intellectual (517c). But it does not make any smell to me that a mere idea alone can produce great achievements with attributes like beauty, justice, reason and truth. Could it be that my interpretation of Socrates idea of good as a mere idea is mistaken? Perhaps what Socrates means is more than just an intellectual idea of good. Perhaps what he means when he says that one sees the idea of good is that one experiences goodness itself directly. In that case, se... ... he really has no solid evidence to back him up. If there is no evidence to show that the power for goodness is innate in human beings and that people who have seen what goodness is will want to be good, then there is also no excuse for th e belief that attaining the idea of good is sufficient for being good.Basically, Platos vision of utopia lies on the fundamental premise that the philosopher who has seen the light will either in public or private life fix his eye on this light (517c). In other words, he believes that the philosopher who has attained the idea of good will necessarily change state good. But there is no justification for such a belief (at least not in the allegory) and hence, his idea is not obviously sound.Work CitedPlato. Republic. Trans. gum benjamin Jowett. 8 Jan. 2001. .

The Merchant Of Venice: Portias Suitors :: essays research papers

comparison and contrast Portias iii suitors, examining their charactersShakespeare highlights three of Portias suitors, the Prince of Morocco, the Prince of Arragon and Bassanio. He does this to escalate dramatic tension, as these three men are the most important candidates to pull in Portias hand in marriage. They reveal the contents of the three caskets and their divers(prenominal) characters as exposed as being proud, vain and humble. They also emphasise the racial prejudices of Venice a place where military many races clash. Their attitudes towards the caskets and their choices indicate what their character is like. This essay leave alone compare and contrast the three suitors and will explore how Shakespeare influences the audiences attitudes towards the three men. The Prince of Morocco is the first suitor of the three suitors we are introduced to. His first line is,Mislike me non for my complexion (Act II Scene i)He is anxious to compensate for the colour of his skin. He shows himself to be ashamed and insecure. However his character is proud because after he remarks on his skin colour he proceeds to defend it and boasts about himself, ...this fit of mine/ Hath feard the valiantThe best regarded virgins of our clime/ deliver lovd it too... (Act II Scene i)He challenges Portia to compare his blood with the whitest of men to influence whose is the reddest.Bring me the fairest creatureAnd let us make incision for your lovemaking/ To prove whose blood is reddest, or mine. (Act II Scene i)This would be a personal manner to suggest that Morocco was as noble as any white man was because red blood signified courage and virility. A lot of emphasis is displace on Moroccos skin colour. His long-winded speeches full of false and overweening praise makes him sound insincere, all the world desires her /From all corners of the earth they come,/ To kiss this shrine, this pestilent breathing saint (Act II Scene vii)In contrast his create is short and dig nified, in total disparity to his entrance and long speeches before choosing a casket. I have too grievd a heart /To take a tedious leave leave losers part. (Act II Scene vii)This indicates he does non easily accept defeat. He explains his thoughts on each of the caskets as he reads the inscriptions on them. He says the lead casket is not worth hazarding everything for and quickly dismisses it. When he comes to the silver casket he comments, The Merchant Of Venice Portias Suitors essays research papers Compare and contrast Portias three suitors, examining their charactersShakespeare highlights three of Portias suitors, the Prince of Morocco, the Prince of Arragon and Bassanio. He does this to heighten dramatic tension, as these three men are the most important candidates to win Portias hand in marriage. They reveal the contents of the three caskets and their different characters as exposed as being proud, vain and humble. They also emphasise the racial prejudices of Venice a pla ce where many races clash. Their attitudes towards the caskets and their choices indicate what their character is like. This essay will compare and contrast the three suitors and will explore how Shakespeare influences the audiences attitudes towards the three men. The Prince of Morocco is the first suitor of the three suitors we are introduced to. His first line is,Mislike me not for my complexion (Act II Scene i)He is anxious to compensate for the colour of his skin. He shows himself to be ashamed and insecure. However his character is proud because after he remarks on his skin colour he proceeds to defend it and boasts about himself, ...this aspect of mine/ Hath feard the valiantThe best regarded virgins of our clime/Have lovd it too... (Act II Scene i)He challenges Portia to compare his blood with the whitest of men to see whose is the reddest.Bring me the fairest creatureAnd let us make incision for your love/ To prove whose blood is reddest, or mine. (Act II Scene i)This would be a way to suggest that Morocco was as noble as any white man was because red blood signified courage and virility. A lot of emphasis is placed on Moroccos skin colour. His long-winded speeches full of false and extravagant praise makes him sound insincere, all the world desires her /From all corners of the earth they come,/ To kiss this shrine, this mortal breathing saint (Act II Scene vii)In contrast his exit is short and dignified, in total disparity to his entrance and long speeches before choosing a casket. I have too grievd a heart /To take a tedious leave leave losers part. (Act II Scene vii)This indicates he does not easily accept defeat. He explains his thoughts on each of the caskets as he reads the inscriptions on them. He says the lead casket is not worth hazarding everything for and quickly dismisses it. When he comes to the silver casket he comments,

Taken Over By A Computer Game :: English Literature Essays

Taken Over By A Computer GameOne day I went to the computer shop and I bought a new computer game. The box in which was the computer game was, looked very nice and I couldnt resist to buy it. Next day my parents were leaving to France and I was alone Ok not exactly alone, the sitter that looked after me when I was little came to our house to look after me for 1 week. She was young and she wasnt a really baby-sitter because she cared more about her hair and nails than about me. Later when it was dark she went out with her friends. The next day when I woke up the baby-sitter wasnt in the house. I didnt know what to do. I wanted to call my parents but I thought and realized that if I call them and put them that there is no one to look after me they would get worried and maybe I will ruin their trip. I tried not to give care but I couldnt. Then I sat down and I thought for a moment Nothing could happen to me if I dont open to anybody and if I stay home. After I watched my favorite TV show I went to play the computer game I bought yesterday. First I installed the game and then I started playing. It was a simulation game where you are supposed to drive a place ship and safely get pole to earth. The first level of the game was very easy. I destroyed all the asteroids that were coming towards me but I couldnt communicate with the station because a subtle asteroid hit right in the back of the ship where the communicable devices were. Now I couldnt go back to the space station to re-fuel the space ship. On the next level something strange happened. The screen of the monitor started flickering and something white appeared before me. Suddenly I could see myself going about cholecalciferol kilometers per minute in some kind of a tunnel. It was a green and blue tunnel were I could smell something like burning plastic and I could hear a sound like grasshoppers singing. Suddenly I was standing in a place with many buttons around me, about 5 monitors and I could see ast eroids through the big window in front of me. I was in the space ship.

Thomas Hobbes Answer to Davenants Preface to Gondibert :: Answer to Davenants Preface to Gondibert

Thomas Hobbes Answer to Davenants Preface to Gondibert In his Answer to Davenants Preface to Gondibert, Thomas Hobbes takes a twinge at literary theory. He is prompted to write the reply because Davenant mentions Hobbes in the preface to the epic poem, Gondibert. Hobbes notes up front that he is hindered in two ways because he is 1) incompetent in poetry and 2) flattered by the praise Davenant has lauded him. These hindrances dont prevent Hobbes from detailing a general theory of poetry. He delineates the different types of poetry, discusses the poet and mode of composition, and addresses issues of form, content, and style. His ideas are establish largely on his philosophy of rational thought and empirical evidence. Hobbes begins by dividing poetry into three types that correspond with the three types of philosophy and the three regions of mankind. Philosopy can be divided into celestial, aerial, and terrestrial. Mankind divides itself into court, city, and country. Poets write ab out these three different regions of mankind in three sorts of poesy, heroic, scommatic, and pastoral. Each of these types of poetry can be conveyed in each a narrative or dramatic form. Hobbes writes the heroic poem narrative...is called an epic poem. The heroic poem dramatic is tragedy. The scommatic narrative is satire, dramatic is comedy. The pastoral narrative is called plain pastoral... the same dramatic, pastoral comedy. In this way he describes the six sorts of poesy there can be no more or less than that. On the subject of what is a poem, Hobbes reiterates the Aristotelian concept that poetise alone does not make poetry. Hobbes sums up the difference between historical or philosophical verse and poetic verse like so But the subject of a poem is the address of men, not natural causes manners presented, not dictated and manners feigned, as the name of poesy imports, not found in men. He goes on to allow that fictions writ in prose may be given entering into the world of poetry because prose delights both in fiction and in style, but, were prose and poetry to contend toe-to-toe, it would be as if prose were on foot against the strength and wings of Pegasus. Hobbes addresses in brief the conventions of verse and rhyme in poetry. He iterates that ancient poets created verse to go along with musical accompaniment, which was necessary because of their religious beliefs.

Thomas Hobbes Answer to Davenants Preface to Gondibert :: Answer to Davenants Preface to Gondibert

Thomas Hobbes Answer to Davenants Preface to Gondibert In his Answer to Davenants Preface to Gondibert, Thomas Hobbes takes a stab at literary theory. He is prompted to write the state because Davenant mentions Hobbes in the preface to the epic poem, Gondibert. Hobbes notes up front that he is hindered in two ways because he is 1) incompetent in poetry and 2) flattered by the congratulations Davenant has lauded him. These hindrances dont prevent Hobbes from detailing a general theory of poetry. He delineates the different types of poetry, discusses the poet and mode of composition, and addresses issues of form, content, and style. His ideas are based largely on his philosophy of rational theory and empirical evidence. Hobbes begins by dividing poetry into tercet types that correspond with the three types of philosophy and the three regions of mankind. Philosopy can be divided into celestial, aerial, and terrestrial. Mankind divides itself into court, city, and country. Poets w rite about these three different regions of mankind in three sorts of poesy, dauntless, scommatic, and pastoral. Each of these types of poetry can be conveyed in either a narrative or dramatic form. Hobbes writes the heroic poem narrative...is called an epic poem. The heroic poem dramatic is tragedy. The scommatic narrative is satire, dramatic is comedy. The pastoral narrative is called simply pastoral... the same dramatic, pastoral comedy. In this way he describes the six sorts of poesy there can be no more or less than that. On the subject of what is a poem, Hobbes reiterates the Aristotelian concept that rhythm alone does not make poetry. Hobbes sums up the difference between historical or philosophical verse and poetic verse like so that the subject of a poem is the manners of men, not natural causes manners presented, not dictated and manners feigned, as the name of poesy imports, not lay out in men. He goes on to allow that fictionalizations writ in prose may be given entrance into the world of poetry because prose delights both in fiction and in style, but, were prose and poetry to contend toe-to-toe, it would be as if prose were on foot against the strength and wings of Pegasus. Hobbes addresses briefly the conventions of verse and rhyme in poetry. He iterates that antediluvian poets created verse to go along with musical accompaniment, which was necessary because of their religious beliefs.

Information Processing Theory Essay

tuition processing is a theoretical approach used to give way human behavior (psychology) and encyclopaedism processes (education). Information processing, in the pedagogical perspective, whitethorn be defined as the process of acquiring knowledge based on warehousing structures and teaching in different stages of knowledge or mental processing. (Think Quest Team, 2007) It deals with thinking, storing, remembering and forgetting information. (NSW HSC Online, 2007) Information processing and the cognitive learning guess be closely associated with each an new(prenominal).This is because their pro blank spaces are similar in content. Information processing theory emerged at the dawn of the computer age (Hall, 2007). This theory suggests that memory and computers submit common features. Moreover, it proposes that perceived information goes through three stages within the memory structure sensory registers (where information is perceived and processed through the senses), short-t erm memory (where information is shortly stored and encoded), and long-term memory (where information is stored for easy retrieval). (NSW HSC Online, 2007)There are several principles that support this theory. First, there is an assumption that the capacity of the memory is limited. This doer that at times, there whitethorn be barriers that affect processing of information. It is advantageous to identify why there is difficulty in information processing. Through this, resolutions may be formulated to address this issue. Second, there is a need for control mechanism. Control mechanism directs the extent of use of memory capacity. For instance, new information may require more processing than the regular day-to-day tasks.Third, information flow is two-way. We acquire information through our senses, process it in our memory in the very(prenominal) way that we create responses in our memory, and carry them out through our senses. Fourth, the genetic make-up of humans is meant for info rmation processing. For instance, infants do not learn to think from other people. Their curiosity allows them to think and develop their senses. (Huitt, 2003) Information processing applied as an approach in the classroom setting, gains broader meaning and undeniable importance.The theory recommends a alteration of techniques and methods to make teaching more efficient. Information processing also runs several tools and procedures that teachers may use to enhance thinking skills and extend mental capacity among the students. The learning process through information processing starts with the activation of schema, defined as the state of existing knowledge structures prior to the introduction of new information. Schema is frequently altered to accommodate new information. Therefore, new information related to the learners schema is more meaningful to them.(NSW HSC Online, 2007) Activation of schema is followed by learning of new information by the learner. Information processing postulates that in processing and in the retrieval of information, it is necessary to ensure that information is significant to the learner for him to be able to relate antecedent knowledge or schema to new information. The information is processed to fit schema, or in some instances to complement schema. The information is then stored in the long-term memory for future retrieval.There are also various key concepts to remember in applying information processing theory in the classroom setting. First, it is easier to remember significant information. Learners remember information that is interesting and relevant to their personal lives. Second, words are easily remembered based on their position in the text. For instance, words written in the beginning and in the end are easier to remember than words written in the mid area of the text. Third, repeating is efficient for memory retention. Memory retention is best improved through repetition and practice.Fourth, learning should be s ystematic. When learners make lists to organize lessons learned, information is easier to remember. Fifth, much stew should be exerted in processing information. Information that is processed in depth is easily stored in the long-term memory. Sixth, information processing is affected by schema. If information does not relate to a persons schema, then there would difficulty in information processing. Lastly, there is a necessity to provide procession organizers for students. Advance organizers aids and prepares the learner for the next lesson.(Huitt, 2003) In the classroom setting, the teacher must come up with a lesson plan that follows a thorough procedure. dogmatic procedures must be followed in information processing because there are limitations to memory capacity and thinking processes. Teachers must make sure that purpose of the previous step is achieved before moving on the next step. For instance, activation of schema comes first before the processing of information. To f ollow this step, the teacher must first provide stimulus that catches the attention of the students.Consequently, the learner perceives and processes this information in his sensory registers and short-term memory, allowing him to respond to the stimulus. The next step is to ensure that the information you teach is retained in the learners long-term memory. This can be achieved by following key concepts previously enumerated. In applying information processing in the classroom setting, lionise in mind that its primarily goal is for students to learn by enhancing memory retention and maximizing information processing and capacity.The teacher must be direct with the key concepts and principles governing information processing theory to achieve greater success in meeting educational goals and objectives.ReferencesHall, R. (2007). Information Processing Theory. Retrieved November 22, 2007. http//medialab. umr. edu/rhall/educational_psychology/2001/vl2a/info_new. html Huitt, W. (2003). The Information Processing Approach to Cognition. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA Valdosta State University. Retrieved November

Divisional Hurdle Rates – Randolph Corporation

Introduction The Randolph Corporation is a multi officeal producer of electric sanders, sandpaper, industrial grinders and sharpeners, and coated ceramics. The Corporation also has a real estate development division. The diverse product lines of the company divide the familiarity into four divisions, namely, real estate, ceramic coatings, equipment manufacturing and home products. The Randolph Corporation Stock performed to a lower place expectations recently, when comp ared to other player in the industry. The companys main problem is believed to lie in the financial planning processes and in the put on the line consideration.To tackle these problems the accessory to the firms vice president suggests a target majuscule structure of 45% debt in any division and differing hurdle rated for low, average, and high risk projects. This paper critically reviews the different suggested measures and finally proposes measures that should be teachn to improve the performance of the Rando lph Corporation. Divisional bank vault Rates To estimate the hurdle rates for every division of the Randolph Corporation that weighted average follow of chief city (WACC) require to be calculated for every division. To apply the formula of the WACC the costs of fair play prolong to be known.The cost of equity place be determined through the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The results for every divisions equity cost and the computation of the hurdle rates can be seen in the Appendix. The divisions with higher risk require higher weighted average cost of capital. WACC/Hurdle Rate Real Estate9. 19% Ceramic Coatings10. 24% Equipment Manufacturing10. 55% Home Products9. 34% Fig. 1 Hurdle rate per division To account for different levels of risks amongst the companys projects the assistant of the vice president suggested an inclusion of different levels of risk within every divisions capital budgeting procedure.Managers in the divisions are asked to classify projects as high, average or low risk. Rather risky projects get bug out hereafter be evaluated at a hurdle rate of 1. 2 multiplied by the divisional rate, projects of average risk are to be evaluated at just the divisional rate bit low risk projects have a hurdle rate of 0. 9 multiplied by the divisional rate. This produced the following rates, as shown in figure 2. WACC/Hurdle Rate Low assayAverage RiskHigh Risk Real Estate8. 27%9. 19%11. 02% Ceramic Coatings9. 22%10. 24%12. 29% Equipment Manufacturing9. 49%10. 55%12. 66% Home Products8. 0%9. 34%11. 20% Fig. 2 Hurdle rate per division and risk level At this condemnation the risk adjustment factors discussed here must be reviewed with a critical eye. Accoring to Brigham & Daves (2007), thither is no theory that could serve as a foundation of justification for the size these risk-adjustment factors. The authors say that there is no specific value that can be assigned to accurately adjust for the risk and therefore determine higher or lower disc ount rates. Corporate important & Cost of Capital taking a weighted average of the four divisional of imports gives the overall somatic beta.The corporate beta is therefore affected by changes of the divisional weights and by changes of the several(prenominal) beta of the particular divisions. The two following scenarios will illustrate this issue. The Corporate beta increases if the ceramic coating division had a large number of projects with returns surpassing the risk adjusted hurdle rates. When the growth rate of the coatings division surpasses the overall corporate growth rate the divisions assets and thereby its weight will increase moving the corporate beta closer to the beta of the ceramic coatings division.Since the cost of equity rise with increases of beta, the larger corporate beta should also further the corporate cost of capital (WACC). How strong such changes are to be is however determined by capital structure and weights on other departments. The corporate be ta also increases when the equipment manufacturing division makes heavy investments in projects that are deemed to be more risky than average. Investments in risky projects in the division would raise the divisions beta and could then eventually also increase the overall corporate beta, which lets the overall cost of capital rise.It can take some time for the effects of the risky investments to really be visible in the corporate beta. When this happens depends on the analysis frequencies and on the methods that are employed for beta estimation. It can take time until analysts notice the change in the corporate risk profile beca implement they first need to see the higher volatility of returns of the company. Capital Structure Mrs Barbara Kravitz states to use the corporate target capital structure of 45 percent debt for each division.Hence, this unique capital structure implies not to account for different application and focal point in the several divisions. Moreover, some divisio ns can be threatened not being competitive in their market. This is, because divisions operate in diverse markets with differing market conditions. So the risks are not assigned to the divisions of the company just to the corporate average. For instance, low-risk divisions have to accept higher a higher cost of capital, whereby high-risk divisions have to repair less for their risk relative to the market, i. . this snuggle does not account for risk-adjusted cost of capital. Considering another approach, divisions can issue their own debt, but the corporation guarantees the divisional debt. It is not a great difference to the Kravitz-approach. When the corporation guarantees the divisional debt, this debt can be supposed as to as-if-debt, i. e. divisional debt will be issued as if it would be issued by the whole corporation. Therefore, the capital structure is not as equal as with the above mentioned approach, but quite similar.There is no big difference in the cost of capital for each division, because they do not bear the risk. Cost of capital depends on who bears the risk. Hence, the divisions costs of capital are very close to each other. alone when each division is handled as an own and independent organization that rises its own debt, the cost of capital only depends on this special risk of the underlying division. In this case the divisions have the opportunity to achieve the optimal capital structure based on the risk of the division. This risk can be called as complete risk and the beta coefficient can easily be calculated.Concerning stand-alone risk, investors may have a higher risk relative to the approach with corporate guarantees, but the division has to pay a higher WACC as well. Beta Value Market Risk Analysis The outcome of beta estimation is always the historic beta, which offers no future perspective for sure. That is because past events included in the historical beta must not occur in the future. According to Brigham & Daves (2007), b eta usually can be estimated through the relationship of companys stock returns and market returns.Difficulties in estimating beta can arise, if there are differing holding periods and variations in the number of observations included in the estimation. Another problem is the multitude of indexes that represent the similar or quite the same stocks, for example S&P viosterol or Wilshire 5000. Despite these indexes are highly correlated, beta estimations can differ. Some modifications of the beta coefficient are the adjusted beta and the fundamental beta. The former tries to transform the historical beta closer to an average beta of 1. 0.The latter seeks to incorporate information concerning the company to achieve a better estimate for beta. Moreover, beta values out of less-developed financial markets are not good estimates and therefore partly biased. Problems in estimating beta for divisions of a corporations could arise if the divisions are too small and therefore can be compare d with less-developed financial markets. Hence, beta coefficients could be biased (Brigham & Daves, 2007). Thus we can suggest that beta values are very inconsistent and partly biased. Beta Value Total Risk AnalysisFirst, the beta value is known as an estimation for the market risk a corporation is faced to. Therefore, it is difficult to run across beta for the heart risk of the corporation. Total risk is actually measured by the variance or the standard deviation, respectively. So, if one tries to find beta for total risk, it is also possible to calculate the WACC or the hurdle rates for each division, respectively, because there is a high correlation between divisional betas and projects betas. The latter can be estimated through a Monte Carlo analysis.The resulting estimates for the variance of the projects can be included in the following formula for beta ? _i=(? _i/? _M )*? _iM So one gets different beta values for different projects, with what it is possible to calculate th e hurdle rates in two steps. First step is to insert the beta in the CAPM to receive the expected return, and second, to calculate the WACC with the new return (Brigham & Daves, 2007). Compensation Plan Randolphs compensation plan cannot work out very well, because the corporation issues a uniform debt ratio in its capital structure.Therefore, some divisions cannot compete with other business rivals if there are no opportunities to raise the debt ratio for the division. That is, divisional manager are not able to compete with the market and therefore cannot create a high growth in sales or earnings. As the reaction of Debra Brown from the Real Estate Division has shown, this division faces troubles if the debt ratio of 45 percent will be implemented to the corporation. The problem is the unique capital structure for the whole corporation that is not consistent with the incentive-based compensation plan.Some divisions that do not need a high debt ratio to compete with the market coul d have a benefit as well as divisional managers will have an advantage to earn more relative to other divisions. So, Randolph should change its capital budgeting procedure in order to enable divisional managers the issuing of debt on their own. With this approach, some interdependences in the corporation would disappear and the divisional managers could concentrate on their division, while not being limited in doing their job. Additional to that, Randolph should also adjust its compensation plan, because divisions ROE strongly varies among the divisions.That is, because with the new implemented approach in capital budgeting the divisions face differing target capital structures. Thus, they also have differing opportunities to achieve a high or a low ROE. This incentive could be substituted by return on investment (ROI). Divisional managers now have a higher incentive to seek the goals given by the senior concern. evidence To come to an end, one can see how differing hurdle rates a nd difficulties in estimating beta coefficient can lead to problems in capital budgeting as well as disparities in the compensation.Moreover, also the accounting for different risks can influence the calculations for WACC and therefore the hurdle rates. Some approaches cannot be calculated and are based on case-by-case judgments (high/low risk hurdle rates). Finally, an appropriate incentive-based compensation plan can increase managers motivation on the one hand, and project management or divisional management, respectively, on the other hand. ? Reference List Bringham, E. , & Daves, P. (2007). Intermediate Financial Management. 9th Edition, Thomson South-Western. Mason Ohio Divisional Hurdle Rates. (1994). Randolph Corporation . The Dryden Press.

Civil Disobedience: Henry David Thoreau and Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr

Disobedience to be obliging has to be open and nonviolent. Mahatma Gandhi Throughout history philosophers begin played a key role in our society. Both Henry David Thoreau and Dr. Martin Luther tabby Jr. brought forth their own ways of civil disobedience, in their touch that it was imperative to disobey unjust laws. Their thoughts manifested from ideas, to theories, and eventually lead to our society today. Civil disobedience in a pragmatic way is the act of a non-violent move workforcet in order to enforce the change of certain laws to ensure equality for all.Dr. queen explained in his quote One who breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly, willingly to accept the punishment (220). Nevertheless, on opposite ends of the spectrum, Thoreau implied an aggressive stance motivated by his own personal hate for the government moreover yet queer used religion, supported by his charismatic ways of being gentle and apologetic. While magnate and Thoreau both believed in the use of civil disobedience to create change, they went about using civil disobedience in staggeringly different fashion. As stated by Dr. King in his letter from Birmingham Jail, Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere (214). Regarding this issue, King believed that all American communities ar connected and that injustice in ace society will affect other communities. Perhaps, one could deem injustice as a disease such as cancer that forms in one bowl then quickly spreading and eventually discombobulating the entire social infrastructure. Dr. King reshaped Americas social issues through a non-violent approach in notation to boycotting buses in Montgomery to marching through Selma, King responded to unjust laws with civil disobedience and drive action.Dr. Kings stance on prejudice laws came from morality. in general using morality as a backbone in his argument, we would agree that it is wrong to foster laws that affect a certain race or meeting of mass. Moreover, our laws are a reflection of our morals and it sets forth what we know is right and what we know is wrong. Early philosophers often struggled and faced inverse with either the government or social groups. Opposition faced consequences such as confinement, torture, or worse, death, whereas the idea of brutal punishment inflicted fear on the next individual.In his Letter from Birmingham, King compared his calling to Birmingham to the Apostle Paul in the Bible, and how he carried the gospel of the lord to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world (214). King expressed a legitimate concern over the foreboding to break laws elaborating the fact that there are two laws just laws and unjust laws. King stated, In no superstar do I advocate evading or defying the law (220). Rather more, King agreed that just laws should be followed however unjust laws are to be met with civil disobedience. What makes a law unjust one might ask? From the terms of St. Thomas Aquinas, King explained that any law that degrades human personality is unjust. (219) Segregation gives the segregator a false sense of superiority and distorts the soul and damages the personality. Back in Dr. Kings time, a series of laws were passed that were the ethos of separate but equal. King rallied in opposition of these laws as still prejudice and unjust, in fact these laws were against morals. Under this doctrine, services, facilities and globe accommodations were allowed to be separated by race, on the condition that the quality of each groups public facilities was to remain equal.Signage using the phrases No Negros allowed and whites only distorted our views on race relations. However, King believed this in fact is not equality and it is against our morals. As a military issue of Henry David Thoreau using civil disobedience and direct action, Dr. King was motivated by his techniques which lead to a series of events that would lead to the Civil Rights Movement. All men recognize the right of revolution th at is, the right to refuse allegiance to, and to resist the government when its tyranny or its inefficiency are great and unendurable (180).As Thoreau explained in his excerpt from Civil Disobedience, Thoreau used the revolution of 75 as an example of bad government. Thoreau elucidated how the government taxed certain foreign commodities that were brought to its ports. He then began to agree bad government to a political machine and stated how all machines have their clash, however, when friction takes over a machine, and oppression and robbery are organized, I recount let us not have such a machine any longer (180).Thoreau elaborated on this idea that the government is a machine and when evil takes over, let us no longer have such a government. He believed not that a government should exist but at once a better government (178), Thoreau argued that power should not be left to the majority, but the conscience, in fact he interrogationed the reader rhetorically asking Must the c itizen ever for a moment, or in the least degree, resign his conscience to the legislator? (178) Thoreau feels that the conscience plays a personal role.Thoreau questions democracy, and thereupon he advises us to question why we should capitulate to the government if we do not agree with a law? Why would we possess brains and have a conscience of our own if we are not allowed to think for ourselves and do what we want? Thoreau feels we ought to be real for ourselves, not the government. Furthermore, he articulated the idea that should we surrender our thoughts, or conscience to the government, or should we lease a justifiable explanation of the dilemmas that surround us? What is right as opposed to what is wrong is what leads to civil disobedience.Thoreau believed that the idea of paying taxes to support the Mexican-American was an unjust cause, whereas King strongly disagreed with laws that were prejudice. In Thoreaus reading from his article Civil Disobedience, he argues that gov ernment is best which governs not at all (177), which ultimately leads the people to discipline themselves. On the other side King explained how nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community that has refused, is forced to confront the issue (216).By cause of King being after Thoreaus era, King used Thoreaus Civil Disobedience and direct action to spark a change in society. While both Thoreau and King argued with morality in mind, they both believed injustice exist. Thoreau thinks of injustice as friction or tension that can wear the machine down. King believes that injustice just exists and tension must be created with direct action to negotiate with the machine. I accredit Dr.King in presenting the best argument due to the audience he reached out to which of course was the populace and his motives that captivated his courageous and selfless acts. Furthermore, Dr. King was concerned about injustice towards people based on their ra ce, religion, or sex whereas Thoreau was motivated by his personal hatred for the government. Regardless of how either King or Thoreau used civil disobedience, their contributions led to an admiration for their works and casted a light on unjust laws.

What Is Culture and Socialisation Interact in Sociology

SLSS102 Explorations in Sociology Assessment 1 Minor evidence script limit 1500 words Weighting 20% Due date 9am AEDT Monday 1 April Assessment overview Write a 1500 word essay on ONE of the following topics Topic 1 Which is more of import in shaping individual identity social structure or social interaction? ?OR Topic 2 Explain how culture and socialization interact in a sociological context? Assessment details In your essay you should Demonstrate your understanding of themes covered so far in this unit. Use the three texts listed in the resources box (right) to answer your selected question. In addition you should use a minimum of TWO references to augment the material in these texts. victuals your discussions with examples from the social world. Use correct Harvard referencing. Criteria for assessment Your essay should clearly address the question and include relevant ideas from the unit and your knowledge and recognise.When marking your essay, your eLA will withdraw How well have you used relevant ideas from the unit readings and additional materials to answer the question? How well have you used relevant examples from your own knowledge and experience to answer the question? How convincing and coherent is your answer? How well is your answer written and presented? ?Resources To answer your essay question, use the following resources Your eText Henslin, JM, Possamai, A, and Possamai- Indesedy, A 2011, Sociology A mess to Earth Approach, Pearson Australia, Frenchs Forest. nd the following two ebooks Plummer, K 2010, Sociology The Basics, Taylor and Francis Back, L. , Bennett, A. , Edles, L. ,Gibson, M. , Inglis, D. ,Jacobs, R. , Woodward, I 2012, Cultural Sociology An Introduction, Wiley. Note These resources are also listed under Assessment1 Minor essay, in the Assessments section in Blackboard. To augment the material in these texts you may use other Sociology textbooks, articles from the Swinburne library database and current media artic les. SLSS102 Explorations in Sociology 1 SLSS102 Explorations in Sociology Assessment 1 Minor essay Assessment 1 Minor essay submission details only pages should include your name and student number in the document footer All references should be appropriately cited using the Harvard style. There is also a link to this guide in Blackboard, under the Assessments section. Submit your assignment as one Microsoft Word or PDF document Save your file as follows student numberA1. filetype e. g. 1234567A1. pdf or 1234567A1. doc Submit your essay via the Blackboard link Assessment Minor essay

Practical Life Exercises Montessori Free Essay

DMT 104 applicative biography (Assignment One) Montessori in the shock-absorbent Mind writes that the hands be instruments of mans intelligence. It is therefore critical that tykeren smash the ability to accountant and coordinate their hand muscle so that these give notice come into get together with the surround in intelligent ways. Discuss the principles underlining the practical brio exercises and how it fosters independence in tikeren. Introduction A fry in the get-go six social classs becomes a full member of her particular culture and family group absorbing langu period, attitudes, manners and values of those in which she comes in daily contact.A child larns properly if they argon in an environment full of affection, love, caring and support. They feel comfortable and safe when they find a secure and lovable environment. pip-squeakren learn according to their abilities. In the first six years of life they do this by imitating those around them. To support this we should provide them a physical and social environment suitable for them. We should provide the children with the tools they dejection create by themselves.Children are able to explore, investigate and fulfil the natural curiosity ab place the world around them. The childs purposes are not to complete the assess as much as to construct the self. In addition, Dr Maria Montessori developed her philosophy of education based upon actual observations of children. She said children prefer work than play, and they can only be in their natural self, when their natural self is satisfied through work. Its in addition through work they acquire independence, order, the power of meanness and be normalized.Exercises of Practical Life were introduced and were recognized at the very heart of Montessori Education for it provides the opportunity for the childs development of physical co-ordination, social skills, ruttish growth as surface as cognitive preparation. Practical Life Activities are the first activities the child is introduced to within the Montessori environment. These exercises are shitd based on activities children witnesses in their day to day life. That is why children can immediately satisfy their inner impoverishments and desires by mastering these exercises independently. also Practical Life area allows children to do the things what adults do every day, for example cleaning, dressing or greeting people. As we know that children construct their knowledge by themselves through their life exercises. Motive of Practical Life Exercises Practical Life Curriculum area has four main direct aims Order, Co-ordination, independence and Concentration. Dr Maria Montessori observed that children make order at a specific sensitive period in their development. I f not provided during this period the opportunity is foregone. A routine is very important as surface as a place for everything and everything in its place.This offers the child for orderly self constr uction. Co-ordination refers to coordinating large and small muscle movements as well as eye-hand co-ordination that debate the respective development of childs mental life. In the practical life exercise of Montessori they learns to concentrate, to develop the fine-gross motor skills-i. e. controlling the muscle, to develop language, to develop the numerical concepts, they will be good in care of environment, they will be good in logical steps and they are ready to complete the circle of practise.This is will be the good basement for the children not only in the early childhood, but throughout in life. If t separatelyingis to be effective with teen children, it must assist them to advance on the way to independence. It must initiate them into those kinds of activities, which they can perform themselves. We must encourage them to learn how to walk without assistance, to broaden, to go up and d accept the stairs, to pick up fallen objects, to dress and undress, to wash themselv es, to express their needs, and to attempt to satisfy their desires through their feature efforts. All this is part of an education for independence. TheDiscovery of the Child by Maria Montessori MM, pg. 5657 By giving the exercise of practical life in his early years of the child, he goes through a period when he wants to or likes to learn to do all the work he sees the adult doing. At first, he likes to learn the works at home. This age will pass, but if it is used, the child will know how to do everything well in the home environment. He will grow intellectually. It requires real intelligence to run a modern home. The indirect aim of Practical life exercise is to meet the childs needs, to encourage and facilitate development, and to facilitate the childs adaptation to the world.It is very important that the child is given freedom to do these exercises at a snip the child pleases he should be allowed to try, make mistakes and correct his mistakes by himself without any help. The satisfaction of completing an activity drives the child towards independence. Man achieves his independence by making efforts. To be able to do a thing without any help from others this is independence. If it exists, the child can progress rapidly if it does not, his progress will be slow The Absorbent Mind, chapter. XIV, pg 155 The power of Concentration is one of the most solace activities for a child.This is something which is controlled by the child and it challenges his body and his mind. With concentration the child is able to focus on purposeful work. Ive witnessed to the concentration that my 3 and half year old niece had for folding her little brothers nappies. The pile of nappies was two times bigger than her, I thought, she would be bored and leave, but for my amazement after 45 proceedings I could see that she has folded all nappies very neatly and have kept one on top of another and was ready to be placed in the drawers. Within the Montessori classroom deep concen tration can be acquired through the Silence Game.To achieve silence requires effort and the attention of the will, and maximum control of self-consciousness of every movement. Montessori thought of the silence lesson as a means for bringing children to this higher level of spiritual awareness. Practical Life Exercises aid the child in his journey towards normalization As a result of learning Practical Life Exercises in the Montessori environment, the child starts to develop confidence, self-esteem, he grow towards independence, coarse aid and co-operation, profound spontaneous concentration, attachment to reality and most importantly childs joy of learning is supreme.All these help the child to lead towards normalization. The normalized children possess a ridiculous character and personality not recognized in young children. Children needs a carefully prepared environment It is important to provide the child an environment to work on activities of their own choice at their own pac e experiencing freedom and self discipline while developing towards independence. Even though materials in Practical Life area are the least standardized, exercises needs to be carefully thought and designed. A prepared environment should consist of purposeful and meaningful materials and properly trained instructors.When preparing materials the instructor needs to consider few principles of the Montessori Practical Life materials which satisfy Childs development needs. Firstly she needs to make sure that each material we give the child should have a definite purpose, for an example the mat is laid to mark the area of his workstation, handling the spoon develops childs skill of spooning which leads to independence. Secondly materials should progress from simple to more complex design and usage. As a preliminary exercise for transferring solid objects we could give the child a spoon and later, it could progress to tweezers, chopsticks.Also it should be designed to prepare the child indirectly for future learnings such as writing, mathematics and scientific concepts. We prepare the child for wiring by teaching them the pincer grip, development thumb, index and middle fingers to hold objects and by left to right and top to bottom concepts, so that these orders naturally incarnates in the childs mind. The mathematical concepts such as judgement of capacity and volume, division, calculation and exactness includes in activities of spooning, pouring and sweeping.The activity, transferring water using a sponge gives the child the scientific concept of weight. The child could feel the weight of the sponge defers when the water is absorbed and when the water is released. Dr. Maria Montessori said, Each someone should become aware of his own errors. Each should have a means of checking, so that he can tell if he is right or not. Absorbent Mind, Chapter XXIV, pg 247 So she included the path to perfection, which she called the Control of Error within the materials itse lf so the child would be able to observe the activity he completes and understand his own mistakes.If a child has finished working on the dressing frame with large buttons, and he can see that buttons has gone through wrong buttonholes or buttoning halfway or seeing only half of the button come up the flap, these would be his control of errors. He has the opportunity to guide himself to correct his own mistakes. Never help a child with a task at which he feels he can succeed. -Maria Montessori. Furthermore when preparing the activity in the Montessori classroom the directress need to make sure that all materials are kept together in a basket or a tray and grouped accordingly to the level of development.The activity should have its unique location and be reachable to the child so that the child could use the materials of their own choice and return the exercise, leading to independence and self-discipline. Also it is important to be providing attractive and clean child friendly and c hild size materials. Each activity should be limited in quantity. In a Montessori classroom the directress plays a major role. She needs to be properly trained, be a good role model and she should be able to develop and assign a happy and rewarding teacher-child relationship. The first essential is that the teacher should go thru an inner, spiritual preparation cultivate certain aptitudes in the moral order. Her Life and Work, Chapter XVIII, pg 298 The teachers prime objectives are to maintain order in the prepared environment, facilitate the development of the child, and encourage independence and self-sufficiency. Practical life activities can be divided into the next 4 categories Exercises in each of these categories provide the opportunity to do purposeful work and are designed to teach the child life skills, so that they may become confident to do their daily chores at home. Care of the self includes activities such as hand washing, dressing, and personal hygiene. These act ivities embody the foundations of self-esteem. The exercises are designed to provide the child skills need for his sole independence. In order to gain independence, the child needs to establish will and discipline in order. The child needs to build himself and learn to take care of himself * Care of the environment includes activities such as washing chairs, dusting, raking leaves, cooking, feeding animals, watering plants, composting, recycling and job time at the end of the day.These activities promote the beginnings of community awareness and embody the foundations of an ecological ethic. They learn that they are a part of the environment and learn to respect and develop a sense of responsibility towards the environment. Also the child will gradually learn how to gain greater control of his gross motor movements so that he would be able perform more complex tasks later on. Some of the activities such as washing of a table can be carried out as a group task, which helps the child to be socialized. Social relations and courtesy Maria Montessori called these exercises Grace and Courtesy. They include developing skills in greeting visitors, combat-ready in a conversation, self-assertion, resolving conflicts, initiating and maintaining friendships. These exercises are focused on developing will power, establish a proper posture, greet people, excuse one and chop off when necessary. Maria Montessori considers the Social Grace and Courtesy activities as the most important exercises in the practical life curriculum.She felt that when children are first brought into a Montessori classroom, furiousness must be placed on social grace exercises. * Development of Motor Skills this includes many exercises involving hand/eye coordination, carrying objects, self-expression through movement as well as initiating and inhibiting actions and impulses. The Silence Game is an example of a group activity in which children have to restrain impulses to speak or move for a bypas s period of time in order to report on what they may have experienced in the interim.The particular exercise will be allow for any particular child will depend on that childs individual development and interest. ans it is only possible to give a very general indication as to whether an exercise is early, immediate or later. So each and every activity indirectly helps them to develop the language, mathematics movements and social awareness. To give an opportunity to exercise and co-ordinate body movement is one of the aims of the exercises of Practical Life activity.Movement is so important for the young children children need to move. Movement is very important to the child because it contributes not only for the physical growth also intellectual and spiritual development of the child. Through Movement, he acts upon his impertinent environment and thus carries out his own personal mission in the world. Movement is not only an impression of the ego but it is an indispensable recko n in the development of consciousness, since it is the only real means which places the ego in a clearly defined relationship with external reality. The secret of childhood by Maria Montessori pg-97 Conclusion Practical Life exercises teach children to care for themselves, for others, and for the environment. They involve a wide variety of activities such as carrying objects, walking, polishing, sweeping, dusting, lacing, mainly activities that are through with(p) in day to day living. It is divided into four major areas namely movement, care of self, care of environment, and grace and courtesy.These activities are Montessoris response to the childs need for movement, order, independence, among many others they are basic activities that enable the child to explore his environment and eventually make him one with it. Through practical life exercises, he learns to refine his movements, becomes conscious of his body and of what his body can do. He learns how to move and act in a socia lly accepted manner, thus helping him in his task of adaptation. He learns the ways of social living and becomes comfortable and confident in his society.These exercises also teach the child to complete a task following a step-by-step procedure. This sequential ordering of tasks prepares him for the logical task that awaits him in mathematics. Likewise, activities in these areas are presented in isolation in order to help the child focus his attention only on a particular task. Practical Life Exercises refines movement, providing a foundation in early learning, attitudes and dispositions. Practical life exercises also provide children a sense of accomplishment as they engage in real, meaningful work with tangible results.The familiar home-like environment of the practical life coign allows children to gain independence, order, concentration and confidence as they carry out thoughtfully prepared activities. This leads to normalization. BIBLIOGRAPHY Montessori, Maria, The Discovery o f the Child, page 56-57, published 1967 Montessori, Maria, The Absorbent Mind, Chapter XXIV, page 247, published 1967 E. M. Standing, Montessori, Maria, Her Life and Work, Chapter XVIII, page 298, published 1998 Montessori, Maria, The secret of childhood, page 97, published 1966 Montessori, Maria, The Absorbent Mind, Page 155, published 1967

Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Essay

Organizational behavior is the study and application of knowledge about muckle or groups of people in an brass. It focuses on what people do and why they do it with aim of improving what they do. Since an fundamental law is a collection of people operative together in an organized social structure to achieve a common goal, application of theories and concepts of compassionate behavior is imperative to attain the goals of organizations. Organizational behavior covers areas such(prenominal) as human behavior, leadership in an organization, teams, communications, employee relations etc. Clark, 2008).A study of the organizations behavior helps the management to succeed in business opportunities. human being resourcefulness management is a strategic approach to the management of employees in an organization. It includes activities such as planning, selection, recruitment and maintaining employees. To sustain high performing employees, ensuring safe working environments and complian ce to rules and regulations in an organization are some of the main objectives of human resource management.These objectives can only be attained through efficient analyses of the employees behaviors. Therefore, when human resource management and organization behavior blend together in an organization, they help to bring about strong and active workforce which help the organization meet its strategic goals. Effective policy development in human resources would help management to establish a strong workforce and explore untapped resources and strategies that would improve the organization performance.In order to employ effective policies, the management should make best decisions in a timely manner in a given situation. Human resource managers should be involved in making strategic decisions of the organization such as being informed on the immense term plans of the strategic management. To amicably resolve personnel issues and find appropriate solutions to these issues, the manage ment should have proper human resource policies.The policies should incorporate fresh ideas that glint current situation in the organizations and the current business world in general. Human resources policies ensure that employees receive equal treatment in a wide range of employment issues and in legal matters incase they arise. To effectively develop human resource in any organization, it is necessary to have policies on employees benefits such as educational assistance, retirement benefits, health care and medical benefits etc.Another factor to consider when formulating the policies is the safety, health and security of the employees. Issues such as employment violence, drugs, crisis management, and diseases like HIV/AIDS should be addressed in policy development. In addition it is important to consider employees relations which entail dispute resolutions and grievances, employees privacy, employees performance management, discipline and the conduct of employees in the organiz ation.Selection, recruitment and placement of employees is a fundamental function in the human resource management. Discrimination in terms of race, religion, sex or in any form should be discouraged in the hiring and recruitment process. In order to improve employees skills and their efficiency, there should be a policy on employee training and development. In conclusion, effective policies should seek to motivate employees whereby they feel comfortable and satisfied hence improve their performance.The human resource should operate in a flexible environment. For instance, employees can operate in shifts where unlike people start and end their workday at different time. The organization should adopt technologies that would enable the employees to work outside the workplace. A study in organizational behavior shows that different people get motivated in different ways and can perform better under different circumstances. The management should therefore, customize their way of rewardi ng employees to their particular preferences (Marques, 2007).

Reason And Experience Essay

Many rationalist philosophers argue that we have at least some innate experience of suppositions such as God, Maths and causation. However, an empiricist would disagree, arguing that we have no knowledge at birth, our minds are tabula rasa and all(prenominal) our concepts are essentially derived from sense experience.Most rationalists have to the view that maths is innate Plato argues this using the concept of tolerableity and geometry. He presents us with the scenario of judging whether two sticks are equal in size, we use equality, a concept which we havent experienced as nonhing in the world is exactly equal, rather almost equal, although this concept still contains equal thus, he argues that equality is an innate concept. He presents another example of when Socrates discussed geometry with a break ones back child. Socrates presented the child with a question on geometry which he happened to answer correctly, all without any prior knowledge or experience of geometry.Plato suggests that Socrates triggered innate knowledge within the child. An empiricist would respond to the concept of equality by stating that almost equal does not contain the concept equal, rather almost equal is itself a simple concept derived from sense experience upon comparing objects. The sticks would always differ in aloofness by some amount therefore we can form the concept of equal by abstracting two sticks which differ by no length. In regards to the slave boy argument, Socrates enquires the boy through leading questions, a method where he can learn the rules and relationships and apply it to the original question.In Descartes Trademark argument, he claims that we have an innate thought process of God. He claims that we are imperfect and finite minds, and God is something which we could not have come up with as he is both(prenominal) infinite and perfect. We also havent experienced anything infinite or perfect in the physical world, thus Descartes concludes that our concep t of God is innate. Hume objects to this argument, stating that we formed the idea of God through abstraction and negation, since we are familiar of things which are finite and imperfect, we can then imagine the opposite, something which is infinite and perfect.Descartes follows up to this, saying that the initial concept of perfection is necessary to make comparisons in order to recognise imperfection. Upon closer inspection, we can see that there is an inconsistency in Descartes argument, he claims we have a clear and distinct idea that God is perfect and infinite, further he claims as finite minds we cannot form a clear idea of Gods infinity. Descartes expects us to acknowledge that the idea of God is positive meaning the concept of infinity and perfection is not formed through opposite their opposite meanings, yet we only have a negative idea of God as we are finite, we therefore must be the take in of the idea.Another prominent creator of division between rationalists and e mpiricists is the concept of causation. Rationalists argue that causation cannot be experienced through sense impressions to illustrate this, an example of one ball striking a second ball is often used. The second ball appears to have moved off, initially it may seem as though it was the cause of the first ball, nevertheless in fact the movement of all the balls were controlled by magnets. Rationalists would conclude that causation is an innate concept as it cannot be acquired through sense experience, as shown in the example it seemed as though the first ball was the cause of the second ball moving off all the same though this isnt the case.Hume tackles causation by arguing that patterns which repeat themselves are regarded as causation. To illustrate this, if we heard thunder immediately before clapping our hands, we would think nothing of it. If the same thing happened a minute later, we would still regard it as coincidence. Although if this continued to happen for a fourth, fi fth or sixth time, we would begin to think that clapping our hands was the cause yet the only difference between the first and the sixth time was the repetition. Hume concludes that that the feeling of causation is simply the result of repetition and is simply nothing more than than a habit.Taking all this into account, it appears that the many ideas which rationalists claim are innate actually originate from sense experience, just like all other ideas. Having even some innate ideas is not possible, as John Locke stated, at birth are minds our tabula rasa, therefore there are no innate ideas in the valet de chambre mind. If there were, it would mean there are propositions which everyone would assent to, including children and idiots but there clearly arent.

The Impact of Foreign Exchange Gains and Losses

The Impact of Foreign Exchange Gains and losings on the corporate performance of Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical During 2003 Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical Company live oned huge losses of 60 zillion Chinese Rmb which represents about 5. 7% decrease in the Operating income of the Company. While during 2004, Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical Company suffered great losses of 75 Million Chinese Rmb which represents about 6. 9% decrease in the Operating income of the Company.These losses are not the responsibility of the grow Company Johnson & Johnson however its the responsibility of the Subsidiary Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical, so Johnson and Johnson was generating profits while on the other hand, Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical was losing income. If those reductions of operating income continued, soon this pull up stakes affect the profitability of Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical, and thus upset its shareholders, and so they might sell their shares till its prices f all, and then the company might su ffer from Bankruptcy. This pure use of overseas exchange forwards would be due to some factors includingThe limited availability of other foreign exchange derivatives or risk management alternatives, the restricted policies of Johnson and Jonson, the regulatory restrictions in chinaware on the use of derivatives and currency products, and the unwillingness of Johnson and Johnson to either carry the risk itself or allow more breadth in Management of the foreign exchange exposures of its Chinese subsidiary. The relationship between actual describe exchange rate, the budgeted pointedness exchange rate, the forward rate, and the expectations for the Chinese subsidiarys financial results by the U.S parent company Nearly all multinational companies, like all organizations, ordain off of budgets. The Chinese subsidiary of J&J isnt contradictive. Paul Young must assemble a strategic a calling and marketing plan, associated with a budget, for Xian-Janssens showing up year. That is th e actuality of the situation. The forecast exchange rate for the access year , the budget rate, Usually generate either exclusively by the companies or in compounding with input from the business unit for.Regardless of the process, the final budgeted rate will be used for planning, purchasing, and atrocious of all formation of expectations. As is the case with all forecast, however, it will prove an error. Paul Young just hopes it will not be too wrong and that the direction of the error proves in his business units favored. Once the budget was appointed and accepted by the U. S parent, Paul Young and Xian-Janssens results for the sexual climax year would be graved on stone. They would then be managing the business to meet the parent companys expectations, in this case, of 20% growth.The forward rate is calculated by the financial service providers from the current spot rate and interest differentials. Since the Rmb was fixed to the dollar at this time, and the euro was continuin g to appreciate versus to dollar, Xian-Janssens financial results were aspect at the anemic euro results. The forward rate was costing Xian-Janssen multifarious money. Paul Young would feel step-up pressure to forego the hedging in order to reduce the cost. Johnson& Johnson has roughly 200 foreign subsidiaries worldwide.It has always pursued a highly decentralized organizational structure, in which the individual units are responsible for their aver performance from the top to the underside line of the income statement. Although it is not unusual for a multinational firm to hold foreign exchange gains and losses the responsibility of its foreign subsidiaries, it is not typically considered very efficient. The subsidiary business unit is typically just that, a business unit, and does not ordinarily possess the resources of skills sets necessary for tidy exchange rate risk management Foreign exchange gains and losses have an impact on corporate performance at XJP.Although many people may first see these as relatively small losses, a reduction in the operating earnings of an individual business unit from foreign exchange changes alone like this would be considered significant. One way to note this is to consider that the average drive off on sales (ROS) for the Fortune 500 in the second quarter of 2005 was about 7. 7%. If these bottom line profits were chopped an additional 6%-7% on a consolidated basis, a pot of companies and shareholders would be considerably upset.

The Relationship Between Religion and Morality

Morality (sometimes called true object lessonity or high chasteity) should be gilded from those rules which are simply those which are debateed necessary for the efficient running of a ships company. Such rules of a society are enshrined in law, custom and convention and are supported and enforced by society through with(predicate) the legal placement and public opinion. These rules are usually obeyed because of self-interest, a kind of genial contract in which, for lawsuit, we agree not to steal from anyone else in the society if they agree not to steal from us.In very early societies these social rules were supported by religion, and presented as behaviour which the gods insisted humans obeyed. It is arguable that some (ie numbers pool 5-9) of the Ten Commandments (13th Century BCE) are just such(prenominal) social rules.However such a system of social rules whitethorn break down, particularly in a secular or pluralistic society. For example some bulk may consider that the society in which they live is unfair, and only benefits certain groups in it or the legal system may be too inefficient to prevent other people stealing. In such situations individuals may think it is no longer beneficial for them to continue to agree to the social contract, and then at that place would be no compelling reason why they should continue to obey societys laws.What we consider to be true morality is different from social rules in two important respects1. It is base on real concern for others as human beings of equal value to ourselves2. Our motivation for behaving morally is that such behaviour is right and we feel we ought to do it, even when it is inconvenient to ourselves.Is Morality dependent upon Religion?The reason to support this view is* All religions insist upon a moral code as a central part of the religious life.* Even non-religious people when discussing where ethical values came from will refer to religious sources, such as the Ten Commandments (Ex odus 20. 2-17), or the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5. 3- 7.27).* When people (eg newspaper reporters) require an capable opinion on moral issues they will ask religious leaders.* People expect higher standards of moral behaviour from religious people (a story of an adulterous vicar is more than likely to appear in the newspapers that a similar tale about a bank manager unless, of course, the latter is a churchwarden).* Even in our largely secular society, high morality is often referred to as having Christian values.* When people communion of someone being a effectual Christian they are usually referring to their moral behaviour (ie how they shroud others) and not to their doctrinal orthodoxy (ie whether they hold the traditional Christian beliefs).* True morality sprung up within religion. arguably the first clear and unequivocal expression of true morality was the insistence by the Israelite prophet Amos in the 8th Century BCE that Yahweh (God) required honesty, truth and j ustice among his people more than religious observances (sacrifices, etc) Even though you offer me Yahweh your burnt offeringsI will not accept thembut let justice throw up down like waters, and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream (Amos 5.22-4).* No society authentic morality without having real religion first, and all morality was originally proclaimed in the name of religion. It could be asserted, therefore, that morality is a product of religion, and true morality throne only derive from religion.* Conscience can be see as the voice of God telling us what is right and wrong.* It can be argued that even when societies overlook their interest in practising a religion, they still maintain the moral values which that religion originally instilled into the society. then it can be claimed that in Britain today, where about 1 person in 30 is a practising Christian, the moral values which the society proclaims, believes in and tries to live by are Christian moral values (sec ularised).* It can be claimed that people will not chose to be moral unless encouraged to do so by religion.Is Morality independent from Religion?The evidence to support this view is* Religions existed for many thousands of years before they developed a real morality. This suggests that morality is not an essential part of religion.* Atheists and agnostics, who do not believe in or follow any religion, can still live truly moral lives, with a altruistic compassion for other humans.* Whole societies (eg China and the former Soviet States) can be officially atheistic, and there is no evidence that such countries or governments are necessarily more wicked than ones which claim to be religious states.* The origin of moral values can be explained in terms of Evolutionary morality (ie as societies develop and become more complex and sophisticated so social rules become more demanding, evolving into true morality).* Conscience can be explained in other ways (eg Sigmund Freuds concept of t he internalisation of maternal(p) norms).* Agriculture, families, medicine and learning all developed within a religious context, as did morality. They have forthwith all entered the secular domain, and are considered independent of religion, so the fact that morality developed in a religious context does not mean that it is necessarily dependent upon religion.* Plato posited the Euthyphro Dilemma which raised the question that good must be independent of God, or there would be no way of knowing if Gods commands were real good or not.Can we come to some kind of finale?How you evaluate the above evidence, and the conclusion you come to about where the balance of the evidence lies is something you have to do for yourself but you must do it honestly, thoughtfully and intelligently.You may like to consider the following thoughts* All people have some kind of beliefs concerning the record of humanity, what is of real importance and value, and what one should do with ones life.* Reli gious people will refer to these beliefs as their religion, and agree with groups of like-minded people who share the same religion. Atheists and agnostics will tend to refer to their beliefs as their doctrine of life, and may consider them a more individual matter.* These beliefs (whatever we call them) affect our behaviour, and we legitimately judge a persons philosophy of life by how it affects their moral decisions and actions.* So ones beliefs determine ones morality.

Has the Prime Minister got too much power?

The spring of the choice government minister largely comes from the royal prerogative, where what the monarch said was fairness. The primary minster is said to be first among equals, which means to describe the apex diplomatic ministers position is largely greater to early(a) ministers of state. However over the last hundred years, this has been less accurate description of the role and influence of the Prime Minister. First among equals implies an equal status among the minsters and that he is simply the first and represents the ministers and there forwards the government and the country. However, the Prime Minister in reality is far more powerful than what he looks to be.The Prime Minister can hire anyone that is a UK citizen to become part of the cabinet through appointing someone as a peer in the mansion of Lords. Although he picks solely from the House of Lords and Commons, he can appoint anyone who is a peer to then matrimony the cabinet. There is one case, where a fo rmer MP, Peter Mandleson, recently joined the cabinet as secretarial assistant of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform for a third time in 2008 despite non being an MP or a peer. This power certainly erodes the idea of first among equals. However, it must be noted that cabinet could have taken this decision as a whole, though it is unlikely. Further the Prime Minister decides the policy of the cabinet and thus the government, the party and the country. Such power, is argues, is similarly much for one soul to comprehend and bear.The Prime Minister as the draw of his policy-making party is subject to the parties support and his expertness to whip his majority in the House of Commons to pass his policies and polity into law. However, the Prime Ministers reliance on the strong party whip system can sometimes be more of a failing than strength. If his largely loyal party and Members of Parliament vote with his 95% of the time, then they may vote otherwise on the most important issues that matter to them. If the Prime Minister is always creating a party political vote on legislation going through Parliament, then the occasions when he may withdraw to whip on most may not necessarily be as secure as it would be otherwise, he may be forced to rely on opposition support, an embarrassing political situation that he would be in.One example is the rebellion of over 120 dig MPs on the plan to partially privatise Royal Mail. However, the Prime Minister can in some cases stamp down rebellions by giving concessions to the aggrieved parties i.e. those who rebelled. One example of this was the row over the ten pence tax rule, a loading brought in after Labours success in the 1997 General Election to help poorer wage earners pay taxes, which came to the fore after Prime Minister, Gordon Browns reversed this policy commitment despite it being outlined in Labours manifesto.The pie-eyed Party Whip System however, doesnt necessarily exist in the key de cisive polices and legislatives proposals presented to Parliament. Indeed, more comments have been do of Tony Blairs proposals of 90-day detention without trial defeat, his first in the House of Commons as Prime Minister dictum a huge blow to his power and top executive to rule as Prime Minister. Especially considering when Labour passed every policy and legislation it proposed into law. After the defeat of the 90 day detention without trial legislation in 2005, not only did policies start to become harder to pass into the law system, the actual position of Tony Blair as an actual Prime Minister was called into question. Thus, the Prime Minister is not as powerful as he first appeared as it can be said that once a Prime Minister has overstepped his power, his ability to lead as Prime Minister becomes substantially limited. This would imply that the Prime Minister is restrained in what he can actually do, and therefore is not too powerful at all.On the other hand, many would arg ue that the point of overstepping the line of being powerful is a lot further than other political leaders, particularly across the continent, such as the United States where the people are strongly opposed to any severalize of detention without trial and the President is restrained by the Constitution. The fact that the point at which the Prime Minister oversteps the moral boundaries is harder to cross than other world leaders is why many want to fragment the power of the PM to institutions like the Cabinet, Parliament and the European Union. However, I would argue that this devolution of power should go to dismay institutions such as Borough Councils and Parliament in every aspect except income tax, legislation national law and national security.A greater likelihood of having your views heard has been demonstrated to show an increase in participation, not just in politics, but decision making as a general. Thus, the Prime Minister is too powerful and he must have a fragmentatio n of his power. Arguably, however, this would be a threat to the lead of a country. This implied in a modern day world, where the businesses in the UK are global, and interconnected, needed national coordination, and ruling. This on the other hand shows that the Prime Minister should not garment his power, as it is essential to the country to retain is competitive feature. However, like the President in US, there are examples which highlight the fact that a leader doesnt necessarily have to be overly powerful to ensure the prosperity of a nation. Therefore, the Prime Minister is indeed, too powerful.

Girls and poverty Essay

The gap between the worlds spicy and forgetful keeps widening. Over the last 20 years, the market sh atomic number 18 of the least-developed countries (700 one thousand million inhabitants) has decreased from 1 percent to 0. 6 percent of the worlds total commerce. The majority of the population in b leave outened Africa is uglyer today than a generation ago, writes French economist Philippe Jurgensen in Challenges magazine. In Ethiopia, for example, 67 million hoi polloi die hard on one third the reconditees of Luxembourgs 400,000 inhabitants. Jurgensen notes that European raiseers ar authorize to receive a daily subsidy of 2. 5 euros per cow, whereas some 2. 5 billion people live on less than that each day.Thus, in many parts of the world, a woeful person is price less than a cow, says Jurgensen. (Bowler, 1983, 15) The enclose society today is composed of a massive population that is so much divided by the economic status of each individual. There be those who cont ract strived and reach the wealth that they wanted, and there atomic number 18 those who endureed in their state and stayed poor all their lives. This is the situation that social Darwinism suggests.(IRN Zimbabwe, 2003, 19) The vast income divide between rich and poor segregates people and even countries from one another. none long ago the fortune of the richest man in the United States surpassed the combined net worth of more than 100 million of his fellow Americans. Globalization has also favored the growth of rich multinational companies that turn in practically interpreted over the world market for certain products. In 1998, for example, just ten companies controlled 86 percent of the $262-billion telecommunications rail line (Gelb, 1986, 17).The economic clout of these multinationals often exceeds that of governments and, as Amnesty International points out, humanity rights and labour rights are not a priority on their agenda. (Gelb, 1986, 10) Because of this fact, econo mic prejudice and conquering of the poor is very eminent at heart the communities of any nation. At so many situations, it could be mention that the poor are the ones discriminated from receiving the needed furnish that they ought to receive from the governments. Their rights are duly suppressed simply because of the fact that they have not much financial source to support their need or even their rights.Sadly, the situation of the poor becomes even poorer every stake that the society advances ahead through technology, while the rich ones become richer because of their capability to use capitalism as a source of business, which would give them even more financial freedom. At this point, the existence of social Darwinism already becomes clear. Yes, kindly Darwinism clearly portrays the psychological distraction that the poor ones get from their situation in life. Being poor have of course made people commit the biggest mistake of simply accepting what they are.Their blinded instinct that focuses on their misery has dragged them to the dreadful situation of helplessness that they are dealing with right now. Certainly, in relating the say theory to the actual situations of the humanity, it could be observe that the idea of Darwinism is indeed true and is obvious. Because of the fact that there are those who have supply, mainly because they have the capability to gain the state function due to their accumulation of wealth, the oppression of those who do not have the sources to attain power continues to rise.How is this proven? The following paragraphs that would pertain to the actual under stylus issues shall clearly state the situation of the society regarding social Darwinism. With the existence of Social Darwinism as it is, it could be noted that most of the victims of poverty around the world particularly in America and Africa are young children and teenage girls as well. Obviously, the main attack of poverty directly affects the lives of the you ng ones as they stand as the most unsafe elements of the society during these particular events and social dilemma.To understand better, the situational elements that contribute to poverty two(prenominal) in America and Africa are to be identified herein. Elements of Poverty Poverty is indeed wide spread in the whole world. Because of the lack of ability of the world governments to accurately provide people with what they need due to the fast-growing population, many among the human society are set aside and pushed towards poverty. Hence, as a result, their offspring and the generation that follows their line because remain in the said economic status.There are only a few among the many who are able to succeed in running away or struggling hard to vary their status in the community. (Korten, 2001, 17) As a result, those people steadied in their situation of being poor already loose hope in coping up with their needs. The fact that they are suppressed in having the things that t hey need because of their incapability to pay, they then develop the idea that there are no ways for them to expire from their miseries in life except for the fact that they need to live by and accept their life as it is.It might then raise curiosity among readers on what are the real causes of poverty among people in the society? In the diagram that follows, a summarized presentation of the said issue shall be addressed masking what is actually driving the poor sector of the society remains the way that they are. Analysis of Diagram In the diagram presented above, it could be observed that there are threesome major reasons why the poor remain poor. The said reasons are as follows Economic Imbalance This factor pertains to the fact that that worlds wealth is not evenly distributed to every person making up the population of the society.Because of the fact that there are those capitalists that aim to put up their own businesses to be able to gain more profit from their maestro amount of gold invested on the said business entity. It is through this that they are able to gain power over the others who are struggling for survival from being poor. Population Growth It is an irony that those who are poor are the ones bearing many children, children of which they are not able to support. This is because of the idea that they believe in that their children would be the ones who would struggle for better life for them.The more children they have, the faster they would be able to recover from their misery in poverty. However, this idealism has been proven a fallacy. For a fact, as the children of the poor sector add up, the more they live the terrifying experience of their situation. Psychological Disposition Based on psychological findings, poor people move to ease their burden by telling themselves that they are already contented in the lifestyle that they are living in, and that they have nowhere else to go.As a result, the capitalists feed on this thought by impart to the idea that without ample finances to support their needs, they are not going to get what they actually ought to have for a living. Basing from these three reasons, it could be observed that poor people simply tend to remain the way they are and the rich ones try to support the said situation by gaining more and not sharing what they have to those who are actually needy. As a result, people who are poor gain three major reactions to the situation.The said reactions include contentment on being poor, lack of self-trust and subjection to social discrimination these are the things that the poor sector of the society needs to deal with everyday. Hence, America, being surrounded by capitalists and investors, has the rich and the poor sectors which are widely separated from each other. The fact that these capitalist know what to do with the money that they have, they are able to come up with ways by which they can still increase the wealth that they already posses.On th e other hand, those who are poor have lesser ideas as well as courage in creating tender ways to find a way of living. Certainly, the rich ones who have greater education have greater chances of creating possibilities for themselves to attain financial success in their lives. More often than not, the rich ones who are already settled in their situation are the ones who have greater chances of increasing their authority and power in the society through the use of their finances (Gelb, 1986, 22).Meanwhile, the poor one who are receiving lesser than needed are focusing on the things that they could only attain. They have lesser time spent on thinking how to increase their finances since they are already only trying to live by with what they have, and they do not have enough hopes of spending their time in planning, since they are already so consumed with their present situation. The Teenage Girls and their Reactions to Poverty There are likely three major results of poverty among youn g girls both in America and Africa. The said three major results are as followsDiagram 2 The cause of Poverty on Young Teenage Girls in America and Africa Explanation From the diagram presented herein, it could be observed that girls from both Africa and America who for some reasons are afflicted by poverty react in some the same way to the level of being directly affected by the situation (Tanenbaum, 2000, 13). Most likely, their health and their safety becomes the most vulnerable element that needs some attention from the governing authorities who have concern over the situation (Riordan, 2004, 18).Undeniably, although the said societies are separately identified as around distinguishable in terms of economic standing in the world trade, the reasons behind their poverty levels are somewhat superposable that brings the results of the said situation in the society towards the teenage girl-population of the said communities somewhat common and identical as well. (Vendela, 2004, 18) Conclusion The belief behind the existence of the poor and the reasons behind the said situation is naturally noted as something that needs to be closely identified to be able to help figure out the issues that bind poverty with that of human society today.The young ones, being the main target of the situation teenage girls in particular are facing a great challenge of remaining strong in facing the said issues of lacking the needed strength. Psychologists and other government authorities could help much in defining the contrasting solutions that are made available for the ones affected by the afflictions brought about by poverty in both industrialized and still-developing countries such as that of Africa.References IRIN News South Africa Land ownership remains racially skewed May 24, 2005 IRIN News Land reform in Southern Africa July, 2003. IRIN News Zimbabwe Land reform omits farm workers Land reform in Southern Africa July, 2003. Bowler, Peter. The Eclipse of Darwinism Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900. Baltimore, 1983. Gelb, S. A. Henry H. Goddard and the Immigrants, 1910-1917 The Studies and their Social Context, Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 22 (1986) 324-332. Rosenberg, Charles E. The Bitter Fruit Heredity, Disease and Social Thought, Perspectives in American History 8 (1974)189-235. David C Korten. When Corporations Rule the World. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. (2001) 345-346. Founou-Tchuigoua, Bernard Food self-sufficiency Crisis of the collective ideology African husbandry The critical choices. United Nations University Press (1990) ISBN 0-86232-798-9 Milich, Lenard (1997) Food security in Pre-Colonial Hausaland .World Commission on protected Areas (1995-2006) WCPA West and Central Africa Region Key Issues The World Conservation Union National Academy of Sciences helpless Crops of AfricaGrains ISBN 0-309-04990-3 publication announcement March 4, 1996 Future Harvest With time running out, scientists attempt rescue of African vegetable crops. News Feature November 29, 2001 Gouse, Marnus et al. Three seasons of subsistence insect-resistant maize in South Africa have smallholders benefited? AgBioForum Volume 9, No. 1 (2006) Singh, B. P. (2002)Nontraditional crop production in Africa for export. p. 8692. In J. Janick and A. Whipkey (eds. ), Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA. Leora Tanenbaum. (2000). Slut Growing Up Female with a Bad Reputation. Harper Paperbacks 1 edition. Teresa Riordan. (2004). Inventing Beauty A History of the Innovations that Have Made Us Beautiful. Broadway Publishing. Vendela Vida. (2000). Girls on the Verge Debutante Dips, Drive-bys, and Other Initiations. St. Martins griffon 5th edition.

ALS Lou Gehrig Disease

Amyotrophic Lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig indisposition, is a fatal, state-of-the-art disease that affects the repulse neurons of the body. Attacking the nerve cells in the brain and spinal corduroy, ALS patients lose vigor control and thus becomes paralyzed (ALS Association, n. d. ). According to the ALS Association, 15 people are diagnosed with ALS all day and that two per 100,000 people deaths are due to ALS (n. d. ). Patients stricken with the disease has a endurance rate of two to five years from the onset of symptoms (n.d. ).However, with medical researches and breakthroughs, twenty percent of ALS patients purport to live for five more years after being diagnosed (n. d. ). ALS is a disease of the middle-age, intend people falling in the 40-60 years old are more likely to be afflict (Curtis and McDonald, 1994, p. 1047). In addition, men are more likely to develop ALS than women (p. 1047). Individuals who get ALS from childishness or early adulthood are rare and may have caught an inherited type of the disease (p.1047). ALS is part of the motor neuron rowdyism which causes muscle weakness and shrivel (Forshew and Hulihan, 2002). Atrophy is delimit as wasting away or loss of muscle (2002). When only the upper neurons are affected, the disorder is known as primary lateral sclerosis (2002). When it is the lower motor neurons, it is called spinal muscular atrophy or progressive muscular atrophy (2002). In the case of ALS, both upper and lower motor neurons are affected.Degeneration of the upper neurons firmnesss in hyperreflexia, spasticity and a Babinski reflex while the lower motor neurons result in muscular atrophy, fasciculation or skin twitches and weakness (Cotran, Kumar and Robbins, 1994, p. 1336). French neurologist Jean Martin Charcot was the one who ab initio recognized the disease in 1880s (Forshew and Hulihan, 2002). The term amyotrophic is rooted in Greek and the term female genital organ be subdivided into syll ables a meaning no or negative, myo pertains to muscle, and trophic for nutrient so in essence, amyotrophic meaning no muscle nutrient (2002).It can be noted that nutrient in this sense does not pertain to food nourishment, rather signals coming from motor neurons to the muscles. The terms lateral and sclerosis may withal be defined. The upper motor neurons pass through the lateral edges of the spinal cord. When the neurons do not exert properly, signals to the muscles are absent, thus the muscles become weak, shrink and paralyzed/. When these neurons die, the lateral portions of the spinal cord becomes marked and scarred.Sclerosis is the term used in medicine to refer to hardening and scarring (2002). Lateral sclerosis, therefore, is the scarring along the sides of the spinal cord caused by the death of upper motor neurons (2002). Dr. Charcot used the term amyotrophic lateral sclerosis to refer to belittled muscles and scarring of lateral sides in the spinal cord. The figure be low illustrates how the nerve cells look like in rule person and an ALS-afflicted individual.