Analysis Of Two Bush Speeches - Free Essay Example

Presidents play a critical role when influencing the public through the use of rhetoric. Through only words often within a speech a president can have an everlasting impact on society and the public. Rhetoric, and how its used, is arguably one of the most powerful and unique dynamics of a presidency. Presidential rhetoric is so powerful that it can even incite war and rationalize its indispensability. For decades presidents have been using their platform to push their personal political agendas within their rhetoric especially within war rhetoric. So, can presidents incite war through rhetoric solely? I argue, yes, that presidents can make war seem inevitable and incite war through their rhetoric alone. A resounding depiction of this use of rhetoric is found when looking at George H. W. Bushs rhetoric in 1990 1991 in regard to The Gulf War. George H. W. Bush stimulates, through rhetoric, the notion that The Gulf War (also known as Operation Desert Storm) was necessary. Consistent themes are found within presidential speeches that shape war rhetoric. Common themes are demonization of the opposition, human rights concerns, and defeating aggression. All of the themes mentioned are illustrated within Bushs rhetoric preceding and during The Gulf War. To illuminate these rhetorical t hemes and argue the incitation of war by George H. W. Bush I will be analyzing two of his speeches: Address on Iraqs Invasion of Kuwait and Announcing War on Iraq. Literature Review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   War rhetoric, according to Jamieson and Campbell, means the rhetoric by which presidents seek to justify to Congress and to the citizenry their exercise of war powers. Presidential war rhetoric intends to launch invasions, direct invasions, suffice stationing troops, and sell the war. Its imperative to sell the war so that people will fight it and people will fund it. Presidential power, especially war power, has expanded and increased with every decade in respect to rhetoric. Executive war powers have been broadened over time by their exercise, by congressional complicity, and by Supreme Court sanction (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). The president can overstep his assumed constitutional powers and rights through the use of rhetoric due to the blurred lines of what the president can and cant do. Rhetoric can subdue what might seem unconstitutional as far as influencing the nation or pushing a personal agenda. War rhetoric is a constant power struggle betwe en the President and Congress mediated by The Supreme Court. Presidential war rhetoric is related to the ongoing struggle between the president and Congress, refereed by the courts, over what the Constitution permits the president to do (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). Presidential entitlements have been into argument because article 1 of the Constitution reserves to Congress the authority to declare War, . to raise and support Armies, . provide and maintain a Navy, . [and] make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval forces, whereas article 2 defines the president as Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States. (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). The democratic solution to war includes 2 steps: 1) President must request or recommend declaration of war; 2) Congress must declare war through resolution, statute, or declaration of war. The argument of the President being able to take advantage of and exploit their power of war is validated through the evidence of only five officially declared wars. According to Campbell and Jamieson, major military actions in Korea, Vietnam, Kuwait, and Iraq have been carried out without declarations of war, and more than one hundred military ventures involving combat troops have been conducted without any form of congressional authorization. The majority of American wars have been enacted without statutory authorization, a resolution of support, or a declaration of war (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). It is often argued whether or not a presidents call to war is appropriately in the defense of our nation or an overstep of the nations military capabilities. It is often in question if a presidential decision to go to war is a hasty or responsive decision, rather than a well thought out one. The founders hoped that the rhetorical process implied by the Constitution would ensure that a decision to wage war would be arrived at thoughtfully, not rashly or emotionally (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). While it is often seen that a president is overstepping his congressional duties by inciting war, it is still a frequent occurrence that is provoked through rhetoric. Despite the change from former to subsequent reasoning of military action, Campbell and Jamieson argue that presidential war rhetoric throughout U.S. history manifests five pivotal characteristics: 1) every element in it proclaims that the momentous decision to resort to force is deliberate, the product of thoughtful consideration; 2) forceful intervention is justified through a chronicle or narrative from which argumentative claims are drawn; 3) the audience is exhorted to unanimity of purpose and total commitment; 4) the rhetoric not only justifies the use of force, but also seeks to legitimize presidential assumption of the extraordinary powers of the commander in chief; and, as a function of these other characteristics, 5) strategic misrepresentations play an unusually significant role in its appeals (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). It is often found that by including these characteristics in their speeches, the President is better able to legitimatize his intentions in the interes t of the constitutional right to defend the nation. Within war rhetoric it is common for the President to greet his rational deliberation (a constitutional obligation) with recommending Congress to declare war or to authorize the introduction of armed forces (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). This thoughtful deliberation usually is when the President states that he has talked to international leaders, allies, all of the government, etc. before speaking on the matter. Perhaps one of the most prominent and effective characteristics of war rhetoric is the use of narratives. Narratives are typically what allow the media to further the argument of war and influence the public. The use of narratives allows the President to dramatize and simplify the situation at hand so that war seems inevitable. Narratives often explore the idea of how alternatives might be possible but due to the [dramatic] situation or threat at hand an immediate response is undoubtedly necessary. The narrative typically reframes the conflict as aggression by the enemy, according to Jamieson and Campbell, which legitimizes presidential initiatives as actions to defend the nation. This type of narrative results in a call to action to support the decision to wage war. An extended narrative is often seen in war rhetoric, where the President structures the argument of war by exhausting national values to frame the opposition as a threat to the nation and civilization. War rhetoric narratives often characterizes America as innocent and in favor of good, desiring to help others or taking action in the best interest of others. Narratives tend to differ between presidents based on intentions and motives but remains an essential characteristic of war rhetoric. Following narratives is the third characteristic of presidential war rhetoric that Campbell and Jamieson discuss, exhortation to unified action. It is often found within presidential speeches that incite war elements of unification. This unification element is in large part due to framing the intent behind war being in the best interest of humanity and civilization as a whole. The concept of unification comes with the assumed [anticipative] conclusion that right will prevail (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). This characteristic will often appear as a president reminding the audience to put parties aside and using unifying terms and phrases like we and my fellow Americans while playing on national values. Exhortation to unified action speaks to the values Americans want to see in themselves and suggests values are threatened. The fourth characteristic that Campbell and Jamieson designate as a necessary element of war rhetoric is investiture as commander in chief. Ultimately, war rhetoric is a rhetoric of investiture (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013) meaning that it is an [arguably] excusable time to expand power as a president and justify why. The president rationalizes this as the time to exercise his right to play the role of Commander in Chief due to the threat of American values and the community. While the original intent of the role Commander in Chief was to repel attack, presidential innovations have created precedents that presidents have used to claim expanded executive war powers (C ampbell and Jamieson, 2013). Another complex modification of this characteristic is the role Congress now plays with the president in waging war. The intent of the Constitution was that the president would go to Congress to request authorization to act as commander in chief, but now the president assumes the role and then asks for congressional ratification (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). The characteristic that plays a very significant role in war rhetoric is strategic misrepresentation. Strategic misrepresentation is a very dominant trend within Bushs war rhetoric, which will be explored further in this paper. War rhetoric is typically intended to incite immediate action demanding immediate support. This urgent action is attainable through the use of strategic misrepresentation, where the president uses rhetoric to misrepresent the events described in ways strategically related to stifle dissent and unify the nation (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013).

Unregulated Capitalism Undermines the Legitimacy of...

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The World Of The Holocaust - 1449 Words

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Marketing and Retail Book Industry free essay sample

Your company has developed a new educational electronic game. Your target market is 4-6 year old children. What research methods would you use to test this product concept? Choose at least three methods that you believe will provide valuable information, and describe your research strategy. (Points : Three research methods that will give more valuable information about the product concept areas below. Focus groups: Discussion of selected members (a mix of parents, teachers, academicians and psychologist) in a focus group will help the company gain insight about what the customers are think and how they perceive the product (Kotler, 2000). This will also help in identifying any gaps between the product presently available in the market and what the customers want. Unstructured interviews: Unstructured one on one interview with parents, teachers, and psychologists can help the company gain more information by using probing questions. Questionnaires: Questionnaires with a combination of open ended and closed ended questions can be sent to the respondents over the email and they can send their replies over the email. TCO C) Choose a specific brand (i. e. , Coke, Nike, McDonalds, etc. Using this brand as an example, describe what makes this a unique brand that is easily recognizable by consumers. What do you, as a consumer, think of when you see this brand logo? How would you describe a Brand? What roles do Brands play in the market and what signals success? The brand selected for this question id McDonalds. The vibrant logo of the company makes the brand easily recognizable. The golden arches of McDonalds was born of architecture. The arches were a design that formed the shape of the letter M in a unique way. The color combination of yellow and red in this logo plays the trick (The Independent, 2008). The brand gives an impression of a vibrant and happy environment or place. In a cluttered business environment branding plays an important role in adding distinguishing factor to the company’s product or service and increases brand recognition and brand recall among the target customers. This would in turn lead to increased sales and increased profits for the company. 3. (TCO H) Let us look at the retail book industry as an example. There are a lot of people who buy a wide variety of books. Using this industry as an example, divide this market into smaller market segments. Describe at least three of these markets segments. By making some assumptions, describe some characteristics of the target market (end customers) for each of these market segments. Also what are the key criteria for segmentation to be effective? Smaller market segments of the retail book industry are as below: -Children: Childrens’ books, graphic books and fictions are targeted towards the children. The gatekeepers for this segment are the parents and guardians. So for this segment communications are to be targeted to the kids in a was so as to involve the elders and encourage them to buy the products for the children -Fitness enthusiasts: Yoga books, fitness book, diet advising books interest the fitness enthusiasts. So this market is targeted based on their behavioral aspects. -Students: The stuents buy text books, reference books. Again So this market is targeted based on their behavioral aspects. Segmenting the retail book industry can be done based on the key criteria of demographic, and behavioral aspects. An increasing number of companies are basing their prices on the customers perceived value of the product or service. Explain the concept of perceived value pricing. What is the key to pricing in this manner? How might the marketer determine the price that the consumer might pay in exchange for that value that they receive? Perceived value pricing is the method of pricing a product or service based on what the customer is willing to pay for the product, rather than on arriving at the final price based on the costs and expenses (Kotler, 2000). The price is determined based on the competitor’s product. An analysis is done on how the customer perceives the company’s products in comparison to the competitors’ products. Based on this understanding and the competitors’ prices the pricing is done. 5. (TCO F) You are the Sales Manager for your company. Your sales team is one that, once they gain the initial sale, enjoys considerable repeat business. Sales reps are paid a base of $35K and their commission package can add as much as $49K a year (average). Top producers make as much as $65K a year in commissionalong with their base pay, they make $100K. Sales reps have not been aggressive in pursuing new business. They have become comfortable in making repeated sales calls on their existing customers to be visible and to handle any issues. Your VP of Sales wants to see a 12% increase in NEW business next year. How might you structure the compensation plan to drive selling behaviors that would result in more effort being made to gain new business? Being a sales team the primary motivator for the team will be financial incentives. In the given scenario, it is important for the VP of sales to restructure the incentive structure. The restructuring can be done in the following way. Giving 100 percent weightage for the any fresh business that the sales reps get from a new customer. the focus for this is customer acquisition. Giving 40 percent weightage for the new business that comes from the existing clients. Assuming that there is a threshold after crossing which the sales reps become eligible for commission. More conditions can be added to the threshold. For instance, even if the sales reps meet their threshold of sales, they have to meet at least 70 percent of their new customer acquisition target in order to be eligible for the commission/ incentive. 6. (TCO E) Why do intermediaries bother to sponsor their own brand? What is the role of private label brands in the market place? From the consumers viewpoint, why would you or wouldnt you buy these generic brands versus more well-known brand names? Does it depend upon the product being sold? The intermediaries bother to sponsor their own brand in order to be competitive, profitable and cost effective. It is easier to own brands in own store than in other stores as they do not have to pay for shelf space. The intermediaries explore the excess capacity of the manufacturers and introduce them as private label at a low cost. The costs involved are lower and so the intermediary can sell those products at low price and gain higher profit margins. The private labels also provide a differentiating factor among the competitors. Many a times customers prefer generic brands and private labels over branded products because both are of similar quality and price of generic brands are lower (Kotler, 2000). But whether a customer chooses a generic brand or more well-known brand names it often depends on the product the customer is buying. For convenience products customers often prefer generic brand over more well-known brand names. Describe the supply chain strategy using demand chain planning. By looking at the company as the center of a value network, how will this approach enable the company to be more financially efficient? Demand chain planning refers to forecasting the market demands for a product or service and then adjusting the production, supplies and distribution based on that. Using demand chain planning supply chain strategy will be decided based on the historical data and statistical and customer forecast of the expected sales. Once these figures are generated, the supply volume and time is decided to match the demand. In this way excess supply and excess stock/ inventory can be checked and controlled, making the whole supply chain functions more cost effective for the company. 8. (TCO J) With the memory of the many companies showing poor judgment and poor ethics, such as BP, Toyota, Enron, WorldCom, Arthur Andersen, and others fresh in your mind, you have been asked to advise your companys CEO on to how to minimize the risk of a similar event occurring at your company. Specifically, what recommendations would you make to your CEO that would minimize unethical business and marketing practices by your employees, such as those alleged to have occurred at these and other companies? The recommendations are as below. -All organizations claim them to be fair and legitimate. Due to absence of clarity of the exclusivity, the companies fight over years to win. It often comes out to be marketing stances to gain over competitors. Lawyers of the organization prepare a case to defend their parties and not to defend what is right. In the process the company spends time, energy and money to win over patents. Ethically such resources can be diverted for the betterment of the employees, their working condition and even society as a whole. This would increase the value of a firm and reinforce its culture (Jones, 2013). -These ethical dilemmas are to be addressed in line with the ethical commitments of the organization. For this purpose a code of ethics stating corporate policies and practices should be referred to. -For successful implementation of the code of ethics, employees need to understand the practical implications of the code and know its significance. Trainings in ethics raise awareness of the employees about the code. Now that you have completed the Final Draft of your Marketing Plan, were you to begin anew, what would you have done differently insofar as your efforts to segment your TARGET MARKET and your efforts to reach that TARGET MARKET via your promotional mix? What would you have done differently? Please be sure to provide a graduate level response based on the marketing principals learned in class. Be sure to refresh your instructors mind by providing one sentence that communicates what your Marketing Plan brought to market. The marketing plan was for a jewelry shop in Abu Dhabi. The company name is ABC Company. To define the target market I would do two things differently. Firstly, I will define my target customer based on a primary research. Secondly, I would consider the psychological aspects like willingness to purchase, purchase frequency and readiness to purchase to define the target segment. I would promotional mix, I would like to consider options for an interactive customer engagement. This can be done through creating an interactive website with a forum for interaction, and making active social media pages by continuously updating and encouraging customers to interact. 10 (TCO G) Sales Promotions offer consumers an incentive to buy. Name at least four different types of sales promotion tools, tell how you would use them, and provide an example of a type of product or service you would promote using this tool. Failure to provide all of the requested information will result in a loss of points. Sales promotion refers to a host of activities taken up to boost the sales of a product (Kotler, 2000). Four different types of sales promotion tools are as below. -Price promotions: Also referred to as price discounting, these are discounts on normal price of the product or more of the product at the same price in order to increase sales volume at the cost of loss in profit. This can be used for shopping products like electronic goods, apparels, etc -Coupons: Coupons are certificates, usually distributed with magazines news papers etc. , which offers price reduction for some specified items to the holder (Pickton, Broderick, 2003). This promotion strategy can be used for services like salon, spa, gym memberships. The coupons are distributed as part of advertisement in newspapers/ magazines and can be redeemed at select outlets. -Free gifts: The customers are offered gift with purchase and thus marketers attempt to increase sales volumes in the initial stage of the product life cycle. This can be applied to shopping goods, for example, the customers are given key chain as a free gift when he buys a pair of shoes. -Free samples: The customers are offered free samples of new products in an attempt to increase awareness of the product and induce the customer to try using the product. This can be applied for convenience goods like shampoo. When a new variant of shampoo is launched, the manufacturer often gives small satchet (say, 5ml or 10 ml) of the new shampoo free of cost.