Steppenwolf The Disintegration of Harry Haller as it...

Steppenwolf : The Disintegration of Harry Haller as it Relates to Music Among the many themes present in Hermann Hesses 1927 novel Steppenwolf, two stand out as basic threads around which the story is constructed: the isolated nature of the artist and the duality of existence (Benà ©t 471). Harry Haller, the protagonist of the novel, is portrayed as an outsider to society and to modern life; he must struggle with his own outmoded ideals and bestiality to embrace humanity and reality. His Zerrissenheit, or disintegration (literally translated, the state of being torn apart [Benà ©t 1142]), culminates in the Magic Theater at the finish of the novel. Here, he finds himself a changed man, with a clearer†¦show more content†¦He appears to experience the most meaningful of emotions and a sense of spiritual fulfillment. For a man who is consistently depressed and withdrawn, this sudden enlightenment is especially significant. Indeed, as Haller relates the experience himself, I sped through heaven and saw God at work. I suffered holy pains. I dropped all my defenses and was afraid of nothing in the world. I accepted all things and to all things I gave up my heart. It did not last very long, a quarter of an hour perhaps; but it returned to me in a dream at night, and since through all the barren days, I caught a glimpse of it now and then. (30) Hallers experience gives him access to spirituality and peace. He relies on this feeling of freedom to aid him in times of darkest depression, when he feels the man and the beast within him scrapping together to such a degree that his only other possible release is his razor. Increasingly, Haller finds his only solace in classical music and poetry-anything of the contemporary sort he automatically discards. His very survival depends upon Mozart, Goethe and Novalis: such is Hallers mindset at the beginning of his Zerrissenheit. Even as he retreats so fully into Mozart, Goethe, Novalis and the old masters, Haller displays some tendency towards change. Without this slight crack in his stern

The Freedom Of The United States Essay - 2413 Words

Both before and after legalized slavery, blacks imagined having the right to education, the right to own land, to vote, to marry, to be respected citizens and live freely in the United States among the other freedoms that were automatically granted to whites when they were born. Freedom is defined as, â€Å"The power or right to act, speak or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint.† The 13th Amendment technically freed the slaves, but for a slave in 1864, African American’s vision of freedom was limited because they had been seen as property for such a long time. Slaves didn t know what was out there and there were many whites against this new freedom they had just received. Although, they were aware that they weren t equal to whites at the time, they didn t completely know what freedom could really mean. As time went on they started to see what came with freedom and they began to demand what they deserved. The country was beginning to reconstruct and thi ngs were looking up for blacks. Throughout this journey to freedom, there were plenty of abolitionists who fought for African American rights. These people were upstanding citizens who would stop at nothing to see their community thrive and prosper. Advocates created groups and clubs to continue to help their people and things were going well for African Americans. For a few years after slavery, African Americans thrived, by owning businesses, becoming politicians, starting HBCU’s , and becoming doctors andShow MoreRelatedThe Freedom And Freedom Of The United States1499 Words   |  6 PagesKnowing the Meaning of Freedom Freedom and liberties are the most popular and significant topic in the United States. However, what’s the freedom and who can enjoy the freedom became the controversial arguments in America during its post-civil war period. Since people with different gender, different race, and even different customs may have their own opinions and prospects of the rights they should have, white Americans, African Americans, immigrants and even women were trying to define and striveRead MoreThe Freedom And Freedom Of The United States1415 Words   |  6 Pages The Meaning of Freedom Freedom and liberties are the most popular and significant topic in the United States. However, what’s the freedom and who can enjoy the freedom became the controversial arguments in America during its post-civil war period. Since people with different gender, different race and even different customs may have their own opinions and prospects of the rights they should have, white Americans, Africa Americans, immigrants and even women were trying to define and strive for theirRead MoreThe Freedom Of The United States1501 Words   |  7 PagesWhen United States was founded, it was signified as the most progressive and political movement in Western Civilization, which has continued to change and form from all the racial, ethnic, and religious diversities within society. Through the freedom that was first generated from the separation of the church and state to the manifestation of the Constitution on December 15, 1791, it has changed the course of history forever. The expression of the people’s legal rights was the First Amendment to theRead MoreThe Freedom Of The United States759 Words   |  4 Pagesgreat country should be incredibly thankful for the freedoms and opportunities we have been afforded because many individuals that we have had the privilege of knowing and many individuals that we haven’t had the honor of knowing have all sacrificed their lives to protect our freedoms. Due in part to this great sacrifice, America can and is considered to be a country with a great sense of equality, opportunity, and freedom. The United States of America as stated before is a country were individualsRead MoreThe Freedom Of The United States Essay854 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom House was established in 1941 in the United States and focused first on the threat to freedom represented by Nazism. After the war, in its own words, it â€Å"took up the struggle against the other great twentieth century totalitarian threat, Communism† and def ined its mission as working for the spread of democracy and human rights in the world. Indeed, one of the instruments developed by Freedom House in order to spread its mission is the’s press freedom index, which has not changed practicallyRead MoreThe Freedom And Freedom Of The United States Of America1603 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans, in this rightfully proud nation of The United States of America, have freedom and liberty set amongst the highest of our ideals. Generations were born and raised in this country. They were taught to always respect and cherish the rights and liberties given to us, the people, that were earned and are still being bravely defended to this day. Our rights were earned and are defended by our courageous, gun wielding soldiers. Currently, in this turbulent time of politics in our nation,Read MoreThe Freedom Of The United States901 Words   |  4 PagesAs we all know, freedom is a very meaningful word, and it has a variety expressions and definitions. I can define the word freedom as liberty, independence, acting spontaneously, ex pressing yourself with no fears, being positive and making your own choices. All people in the entire world like to be free with no barrier or any kind of obstacles, emotionally and physically. Human beings deserve to be free and live their life with no struggles. The most moment I felt entirely free is when I went backRead MoreFreedom Of Speech : The United States1654 Words   |  7 PagesHonors English Period 7 14 March 2016 Freedom of Speech We the People of the United States, in order to form a perfect union and establish justice, created a Constitution for the good of all in the year of 1789. Two-hundred years later these composition of laws are still relevant to our lives. In these, the First Amendment, which was established into the constitution for the purpose of being conformed and to grant the citizens a guarantee of their basic freedom of speech; however, it appears thatRead MoreThe Freedom Of Speech By The United States Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many phrases and use of words that can be considered controversial in the past as well in todays society. The first amendment states that â€Å"congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† (Volokh, 2016.). Throughout hist ory, congress has kept up their end of the dealRead MoreReligious Freedom Of The United States1113 Words   |  5 PagesIn the United States, religious freedom is a unique right that not all countries allow. The founding fathers instilled this idea although they predominately followed the Christian faith. Several documents and common American morals have Christian roots; some of which include the establishment of God given rights and basic human decency. The words â€Å"In God We Trust† on our currency and â€Å"One Nation Under God† in our pledge represent the guiding principles that the United States was established on. Although

Stylistic analysis of the pickwick club free essay sample

The passage is an extract from Dickens’ novel â€Å"The posthumous papers of the Pickwick club† from the chapter II which originally was called â€Å"The First Days Journey, And The First Evenings Adventures; With Their Consequences†. Here we are able to see the outset of the novel and we get to know the main character of the novel – Mr. Samual Pickwick. The description of Mr. Pickwick is a brilliant example of Dickens’ biting irony. While representing him, Dickens mocks him, revealing him as a â€Å"great man† who reflects early morning on philosophical questions and who â€Å"is ready for the reception of any discoveries worthy of being noted down†. The irony is hidden in the comparison of Mr. Pickwick with the sun which â€Å"burst from his slumbers†. We also notice repetition of the word â€Å"sun† relative at first to the sun itself and then to Mr. Pickwick. It increases the irony. We will write a custom essay sample on Stylistic analysis of the pickwick club or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But he isn’t just subject of mockery, but also the personification of joy. The choice of epithets employed by Dickens to describe â€Å"the great man† reveals his ironic but also appealing attitude to him. One should note a peculiar use of the word â€Å"to put† in the first paragraph which isn’t use in its direct meaning to cause to be (in a position or place). It is used as if we didn’t speak about a man, but about an inanimate think. It shows the Mr. Pickwick’s neglect to his own appearance or material values at all. The description of the cab driver of the second passage makes the metaphor and the sense of inanimate think stronger. He is described as â€Å"a strange specimen of the human race, in a sackcloth coat†¦ and number round his neck†. We see an example of non-omniscient narrator who know everything about the character and reveals them through telling, that’s mean that he himself speaks about characters without stepping aside and letting them reveal themselves through actions. There used the prolonged metaphor of Mr. Pickwick being compared in the some cases with inanimate think. We can see it from the selection of words used by Dickens when he states that â€Å"Mr. Pickwick and his portmanteau were thrown into the vehicle†. Here Mr. Pickwick and is inseparable from his own things. Then we notice the fine example of showing when author steps aside and lets character reveal himself through his own actions. We may note the exquisite curiosity of Mr. Pickwick and even inquisitive and prying. It is revealed through repetitions of the word â€Å"reiterate† and â€Å"searching for further information†, â€Å"To note down†, â€Å"out came the note-book again†, and at last â€Å"Mr. Pickwick entered every word of this statement in his note-book, with the view of communicating it to the club†. Here we can also see the outset of getting to know the members of the club, who were waiting for their â€Å"illustrious leader†. That epithets shows how much did they appreciate Mr. Pickwick who had founded the â€Å"Pickwick club†. Author is also use logical and figurative periphrasis Is a device which according to Webster’s dictionary denotes the use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter or plainer form of expression. It is also called circumlocution. Periphrases aims at pointing to one of the seemingly insignificant or barely noticeable features or properties of the given object and intensifies this property by naming the object by the property. The example of logical periphrasis in this chapter is The punctual servant of all work – sun. Periphrasis are used to increase the irony of the narration. In the description of driver we can see the finest example of simile. To use a simile is to characterize one object by bringing it into contact with another object belonging to an entirely different class of things. Here it comes â€Å"to spar away like clockwork†. The cabman’s speech is also worth looking through. He speaks with mistaken pronunciation of the words, often swallowing the sounds: and then arter aggerawatin me to assault him, gets three witnesses here to prove it. But Ill give it him, if Ive six months for it. Come on! It is made to produce an effect of a man from a lower social class by using him such lexical stylistic device as colloquial words. The description of a man saved Mr. Pickwick from the enraged crowd arise the peculiar interest to wit here is used synecdoche which is a form of metonymy- a figure of speech in which a part is substituted for a whole or a whole for a part. â€Å"Come along, then† said he of the green coat. In his speech, as he lead Mr. Pickwick away, the syntax stylistic device was used to wit ellipsis. Elliptical are those sentences in which one or both principal parts (subject and predicate) are felt as missing. It is used especially in colloquial style of speech. It is used with certain stylistic aims in view. Thus it imparts a kind of emotional tension to the author’s narration. Here it contributes to the acceleration of the tempo in speech to create the sensation of a hurry and agitation of the man. All the panoply of stylistic devices used in this chapter are put together in order to create the humorous, ironic impact on the reader.

Martin luther king jr. 9 Essay Example For Students

Martin luther king jr. 9 Essay KING, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929-68). Inspired by the belief that love and peaceful protest could eliminate social injustice, Martin Luther King, Jr., became one of the outstanding black leaders in the United States. He aroused whites and blacks alike to protest racial discrimination, portray, and war. A champion of nonviolent resistance to oppress ion, he was awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1964. Martin Luther King, Jr., was born in Atlanta, Ga., on Jan.15, 1929. His father, Martin, Sr. , was the pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church, a black congregation. His mother, Alberta Williams King, was a schoolteacher. Martin had an older sister, Christine, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel. Martin encountered racism at an early age. When he was 6, his friendship with two white playmates was cut short by their parents. When he was 11 a white woman struck him and called him a nigger. A bright student, he was admitted to Morehouse College at 15, without completing high school. He decided to become a minister and at 18 was ordained in his fathers church. After graduating from Morehouse in 1948, he entered Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pa. He was the ~ledictorian of his class in 1951 and won a graduate fellowship. At Boston University he received a Ph. D. in theology in 1955. In Boston King met Coretta Scott. They were married in 1953 and had two sons, Martin Luther III and Dexter Scott, and two daughters, Yolanda Denise and Bernice Albertine. Civil-Rights Efforts King had been impressed by the teachings of Henry David Thoreau and Mahatma Gandhi on nonviolent resistance. King wrote, I came to feel that this was the only morally and practically sound method open to oppressed people in their struggle for freedom. He became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Ala. , in 1954. In December 1955 King was chosen to head the Montgomery lmprovement Association, formed by the black community to lead a boycott of the segregated city buses. During the boycott Kings home was bombed, but he persuaded his followers to remain nonviolent despite threats to their Iives and property. Late in 1956 the United States Supreme Court forced desegregation of the buses. King beIieved that the boycott proved that there is a new Negro in the South, with a new sense of dignity and destiny. In 1957 King became the youngest recipient of the Spingam Medal, an award presented annually to an outstanding black person by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. In 1958 King became president of a group later known as the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), formed to carry on civil-rights activities in the South. King inspired blacks throughout the South to hold peaceful sit-ins and freedom rides to protest segregation. A visit to India in 1959 gave King a long-awaited opportunity to study Gandhis techniques of nonviolent protest. In 1960 King became copastor of his fathers church in Atlanta. The next year he led a nonviolent army to protest discrimination in Albany, Ga. King was jailed in 1963 during a successful campaign to achieve the desegregation of many public facilities in Birmingham, Ala. In a moving appeal, known as the Letter from Birmingham Jail, he replied to severaI white clergymen who felt that his efforts were ill timed. King argued that Asian and African nations were fast achieving political independence while we still creep at a horse-and-buggy pace toward gaining a cup of coffee at a lunch counter. In 1964 King became the youngest recipient of the Nobel peace prize. He regarded it not only as a personal honor but also as an international tribute to the nonviolent civil-rights moment. In 1965 King led a drive to register black voters in Selma, Ala. The drive met with violent resistance. .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a , .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a .postImageUrl , .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a , .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a:hover , .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a:visited , .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a:active { border:0!important; } .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a:active , .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufc99cb2b667b2bab7ed8c1c204da526a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Crop Circles Essay In protest of this treatment, thousands of demonstrators conducted a first day march from Selma to the capitol in Montgomery. King was disappointed that the progress of civil rights in the South had not been matched by improvements in the lives of northern blacks. In response to the riots in poverty-stricken black urban neighborhoods in 1965, he was determined to focus the nations attention on the living .

JP Hayes Essays (674 words) - English-language Films, Culture

JP Hayes Ms. Bingham World Religions and Film 26 October 2017 Groundhog Day and Buddhism The film Groundhog Day is about a news reporter Phil Connors, who is very selfish and is mean to most people he meets or spends his day with. When Phil goes to Punxsutawney to cover a story on groundhog day his life is changed and he becomes trapped living the same day over and over. At this point the movie becomes in direct relation with the Buddhist religion and their beliefs. Monks practicing Buddhism will often follow the eight fold path which will lead them to nirvana. In the film Phil must pursue parts of the eight fold path such as right action, speech, and livelihood in order to reach his own nirvana or his case escaping his never ending day. While Phil is living the same day over and over he runs into the same people and occurrences everyday but for awhile he does not handle the situations right. For example when Phil runs into Ned Ryerson every morning Ned is trying to make conversation and catch up while Phil generally ignores, yells, or punches him. Phil is trapped in this same day because he is a terrible person who only cares about himself but it takes him awhile to realize that. As the film goes on Phil starts to treat Ned nicely in the morning and even ends up buying insurance from Ned making him a lot of money. The point is Phil began practicing right action meaning he does the right thing for people everyday and tries to help them. Another example Phil showing right action is when he fixes the tire of an old woman's car with out being asked to help. In the beginning of the film Phil asked a girl eating in the diner a series of personal questions so that he could remember her answers and act like he knew her very well the next day to spark some romance. Phil uses this same strategy with his coworker Rita in attempt to try and get her in bed with him but it does not work. Eventually Phil stops using that tactic and he tries to win over Rita by acting like the new Phil you see at the end of the movie. It turns out by being honest and using kind words towards Rita, Phil is finally able to win her over. The final piece of the eight fold path that Phil follows in the film is the idea of right livelihood. At first it is obvious Phil does not enjoy his work or the people he works with because he thinks he is better then them all. Every morning Phil would have to cover the same news story which made him be a jerk to his coworkers and be very dull with his new stories. One morning Phil shows up to the groundhog celebration where he is recording with coffee and donuts for his coworkers. Not only does Phil bring treats but also he is very exciting for the day of work ahead of him which is unlike Phil. This is a perfect example of right livelihood because Phil comes to work prepared and ready to help out anyone. Throughout the movie the audience sees a complete change in Phil as he realizes the terrible life he is living and what he can do to fix it. Just like a follower of Buddhism stuck in a life a suffering Phil was stuck in the same day which caused him great suffering. Phil was able to obtain a lot of knowledge while living the same day which caused him to try and change his ways of life. Just like a person trying to reach nirvana Phil had to show he has good morals throughout a series of events that eventually leads him to his nirvana. Phil's nirvana is escaping the day he keeps reliving but not only does he do that but also Phil becomes a better person and finds a soulmate.

Marine Life Definition, Examples and Careers

Marine Life Definition, Examples and Careers To understand marine life, you should first know the definition of marine life. Below is information on marine life, types of marine life and information on careers working with marine life. Definition of Marine Life The phrase marine life refers to organisms that live in salt water. These can include a diverse array of plants, animals and microbes (tiny organisms) such as bacteria and archaea. Marine Life Are Adapted to Life in Saltwater From the perspective of a land animal like us, the ocean can be a harsh environment. However, marine life are adapted to live in the ocean.  Characteristics that help marine life thrive in a saltwater environment include the ability to regulate their salt intake or deal with large quantities of salt water, adaptations to obtain oxygen (e.g., a fishs gills), being able to withstand high water pressures, living in a place where they can get enough light, or being able to adjust to a lack of light. Animals and plants that live on the edge of the ocean, such as tide pool animals and plants, also need to deal with extremes in water temperature, sunlight, wind and waves. Types of Marine Life There is a huge diversity in marine species. Marine life can range from tiny, single-celled organisms to gigantic blue whales, which are the largest creatures on Earth. Below is a list of the major phyla, or taxonomic groups, of marine life. Major Marine Phyla The classification of marine organisms is always in flux. As scientists discover new species, learn more about the genetic makeup of organisms, and study museum specimens, they debate how organisms should be grouped. More information about the major groups of marine animals and plants is listed below. Marine Animal Phyla Some of the most well-known marine phyla are listed below. You can find a more complete list here. The marine phyla listed below are drawn from the list on the World Register of Marine Species. Annelida - this phylum contains segmented worms. An example of a segmented marine worm is the Christmas tree worm.Arthropoda - Arthropods have a segmented body, jointed legs and a hard exoskeleton for protection. This group includes lobsters and crabs.Chordata - Humans are in this phylum, which also includes marine mammals (cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, sea otters, polar bears), fish, tunicates, seabirds and reptiles.Cnidaria - This is a diverse phylum of animals, many of whom have stinging structures called nematocysts. Animals in this phylum include corals, jellyfish, sea anemones, sea pens and hydras.Ctenophora - These are jelly-like animals, such as comb jellies, but they dont have stinging cells.Echinodermata - This is one of my favorite phylums. It includes such beautiful animals as sea stars, brittle stars, basket stars, sand dollars and sea urchins.  Mollusca - This phylum includes snails, sea slugs, octopuses, squids, and bivalves such as clams, mussels and oysters.Pori fera -  This phylum includes sponges, which are living animals. They can be very colorful and come in a diverse array of shapes and sizes. Marine Plant Phyla There are also several phyla of marine plants. These include the Chlorophyta, or green algae, and the Rhodophyta, or red algae.   Marine Life Terms From adaptation to zoology, you can find an often-updated list of marine life terms in the glossary here. Careers Involving Marine Life The study of marine life is called marine biology, and a person that studies marine life is called a marine biologist. Marine biologists may have many different jobs, including working with marine mammals (e.g., a dolphin researcher), studying the seafloor, researching algae or even working with marine microbes in a lab. Here are some links that may help if youre pursuing a career in marine biology: Information on Becoming a Marine BiologistHow Much Does a Marine Biologist Earn?How to Get a Marine Biology Internship References and Further Information Marine Education Society of Australasia. Marine Phyla. Accessed August 31, 2014.WoRMS. 2014. Animalia. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on August 31, 2014.WoRMS 2014. Plantae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on August 31, 2014.

CW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

CW - Essay Example llow members in one way or another, especially those involved with the Euro currency and thus, the European Union has taken it upon itself to come up with measures that will successfully resolve the matter. However, to understand the issues being faced in the crisis, one has to first determine the underlying causes that were responsible for the European economic crisis in the first place. Though a number of factors can be said to have been put into play, one major cause is the poor management of the banking systems in countries such as Spain, which left them in dire need of assistance to maintain their operations and remain afloat. This occurred as a result of factors such as lenient lending policies that led to a huge number of defaulters as the economic situation worsened in these countries, meaning the banks were not able to get their money back. The recession that is being faced worldwide also played a big role in the development of the crisis as investors were no longer willing to risk delving into the market due to the fear of losses. The crisis led to a number of outcomes as various markets were affected and were not able to function sufficiently due to the lack of investments. Banks that were not able to regain their money collapsed and even the major ones stumbled as a result of the defaulters while the Euro also dropped in value as a result of people choosing to switch to more stable currencies in their business dealings. Though the UK supports the recovery of the Euro, the steps that have been taken by the European Union, such as the formation of a Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) for all banks, may lead to a fading influence of the UK in the Euro Zone. The development of these bodies may lead to the interests of the UK being ignored or overlooked during the voting process on various decisions as the bodies focus on what will help the member states rather than the interests of the UK. As a result, the UK has requested for financial safeguards that

Recycling Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recycling - Annotated Bibliography Example In chapter five: Engineering and Construction for the Infrastructure Life Cycle, Neil recounts that the recycling is not a simple one. It is a ‘sophisticated process that should be done by embracing modern high technologies’ (97). The main contribution of this source is that it emphasizes that the concerned environmentalists and conservation agencies should be ready to adopt the latest trends in technologies. We used it to solve the problem of water wastage and contamination of the environment. This book can be quite important when conducting a research on recycling. The information it contains were found out in a research that was conducted by this scholar. By emphasizing that the recycling process should be done using the latest technologies, it becomes quite clear that such information should be included in the research. The book is similar to Zaman, A. and Lehmann’s "Challenges and opportunities in transforming a city into a "Zero Waste City" because they both emphasize the need of cleaning the environment of wastes. However, their difference is that it includes a comprehensive discussion on the use of highly developed infrastructure in the recycling of wastes. For this reason, the book will be a very resourceful material. In chapter two: Waste Not Want Not, Jenkins begins the discussion by clarifying that wastes are not useless. They can be reused and made useful to human beings. As the author examines, human beings have an uncontrollable culture of consumption. This has led to the overuse and subsequently the wastage of the available resources. To solve this problem, the writer suggests that the used materials should be recycled. The author says that ‘it is by the recycling process that the used materials can be changed to become harmless materials that can again be used by people’ (111). In chapter six: Composting Toilets and Systems, the author says that ‘human wastes, if not properly managed can be so harmful to the human beings’ (104).

Strategic Staffing in Global Communications Incorporation Assignment

Strategic Staffing in Global Communications Incorporation - Assignment Example Many of those procedures are now bound to the theories and texts. There is a little process which is in practice right now. Here we go with questionnaires, surveys, employees’ diaries and 360 degree feedback from employers, peers and subordinates (Dessler, 2000)1. Person job fit is analyzed through various techniques in real world out of which human resource information system is most significant. We have a powerful Human Resource Information System installed in our server. It is helpful in defining the scenario which updates and excommunicates about what are the current practices going on and where is discrepancy lying in the air. Another reasonable approach which is currently in practice refers to employees questionnaires in order to conduct a credible Job Analysis. This is what we know about our employees and it’s all about the ways we use to identify the required skills in the employees. We are more likely to post the positions on the basis of prior experience of certain skills required. We focus on interpersonal and innovative skills of personnel. While posting the jobs to the concerned source, we often use only signaling by only mentioning degree requirements, prior experience and age limits. The further identifications are taken from face to face interactions and job recruitment tests. We get the applications online under career tab of our web page. It is directly reached to HR department who is liable to evaluate person to job and person to organization match by analyzing the curriculum vitae and revealing in application forms. After that the list of recommended candidates are added in minutes and they are called through phone as well as through surface mail. 20. Write a brief objective statement explaining why do you feel yourself as a better fit for this job, how your skills may be helpful in value maximization of the organization supporting your career plans, mission and vision? Â  

Cell Adhesion Molecules in Olfactory Connection Formation

Cell Adhesion Molecules in Olfactory Connection Formation This dissertation study investigated expression, function and the regulatory mechanism of cell adhesion molecules in the formation of olfactory connections. Identification and characterization of a novel protocadherin, Pcdh20, provided additional evidence that multiple cell adhesion molecules are involved in the development of the olfactory system. In combination with several established studies by Sakano and Yoshihara’s group, my study further supports the neural identity model and provides a regulatory mechanism involving MeCP2 in the establishment and maintenance of this combinatory cell adhesion molecule expression in the olfactory sensory neurons. OR identity in correlation with cell adhesion molecule expression Though many cell adhesion molecule expression patterns were described, few of them were correlated with specific ORs. On the other side of the coin, it is also unknown whether a specific OR is correlated with a specific set of cell adhesion molecules throughout development. In adult mice, Pcdh20 expression is in a subpopulation of OSNs and their axons terminate in a small number of discrete Pcdh20-positive glomeruli in the OB. Interestingly, the distribution and numbers of Pcdh20-positive glomeruli are markedly different across gender. More Pcdh20-positive glomeruli with a wider distribution pattern are observed in the male OB, whereas fewer glomeruli with more restricted clustering of Pcdh20-positive glomeruli are found in female OB. The sexually dimorphic expression of Pcdh20 suggests that there may be different ORs associated with Pcdh20 in different sexes. 103 If Pcdh20 expression is correlated with specific OR expression, identification of Pcdh20 associated ORs could reveal possible sex-specific OR expression and aid in further investigation of OR-specific ligand function. In previous studies, cDNA libraries from a single OSN were obtained. OR expression in a single OSN can be identified by PCR using degenerate primers (Dulac and Axel, 1995). In collaboration with Dr. T. Cutforth from Stanford University, I have initiated this study by isolating single OSNs by dissociation of OE and attempting to identify Pcdh20 expressing cells by PCR. Several attempts were made to confirm OR expression using degenerate primers designed by L. Buck (Buck and Axel, 1989). Though I will not be able to complete this study during my dissertation research, identification of Pcdh20 associated ORs will provide important insight into not only OR and CAM association but also understanding of differential OR gene expression in different sexes and whether or not the main OB is related to pheromone recognition. Neuronal activity and regulation of cell adhesion molecule expression Neuronal activity results in long term changes in neurons by regulating gene expression. OSNs constantly respond to external stimuli throughout the life of the animal. Using genetic models and surgical manipulations, it is shown that blocking odorant evoked activity alters the expression of selected cell adhesion molecules. Even though regulation of cell adhesion molecule expression is important for the formation of olfactory axonal converge into glomeruli, the regulatory mechanism of gene expression is undetermined. I reported here that olfactory axon convergence is disrupted in MeCP2 null mice. Furthermore, I also obtained evidence that MeCP2 directly regulated Kirrel 2/3 expression. In MeCP2 KO mice, significant increases in Kirrel2/3 gene transcripts were observed in OE, suggesting that MeCP2 is a transcription suppressor for Kirrel 2/3 gene expression. In addition, my data provide evidence that MeCP2 function is regulated by neuronal activity. With the presence of odorant evoked 104 activity, MeCP2 is phosphorylated at Serine80 and also possesses enhanced binding affinity to promoters of Kirrel2 and Kirrel3 genes. Though MeCP2 increased its binding to promoters of both Kirrel2 and Kirrel3, transcript level changes are markedly different between Kirrel2 and Kirrel3 under odorant stimulation. Other transcription factors were shown to be regulated by neuronal activity. It is likely that both Kirrel2 and Kirrel3 are regulated under multiple neural activity dependent transcription factors. We propose a model in which a balanced transcriptional regulation from both repressors (like MeCP2) and enhancers (like CREB, MEF) determines the expression levels of Kirrel2 and Kirrel3. When both repressor and enhancer are under neural activity regulation, how the balance tilts will determine whether Kirrel2/3 expression will be up- or down-regulated in OSNs. In this study, the olfactory system serves as an excellent model system to study gene regulation of MeCP2 by neuronal activity at physiological levels. Previously, the mechanism of MeCP2 on gene expression regulation by neuronal activity was only studied in vitro. The brain is composed of heterogeneous cells and their neuronal circuits are extremely complex. In contrast, the OE is composed of a single type of neuron. This property provides an opportunity to study neuronal subtype specific MeCP2 function. In addition, the olfactory system provides an excellent system to study the effect of neuronal activity due to it accessibility. Odorant stimulation can be given to the OSNs in the nasal cavity to allow investigation of gene regulation under physiological level of stimulation. To further investigate the model we proposed, it is important to elucidate the full spectrum of MeCP2 target gene regulation. Future study should be done to screen MeCP2 target binding through ChIP-Chip analysi s. MeCP2 binding sequence will provide information in the target genes they regulate in the OSNs. To further provide or block odorant evoked activity, changes in MeCP2 binding will allow us to identify target genes that are activity dependent. Furthermore, identification of odorant evoked activity dependent transcription enhancers in OSNs will allow further  validation of the regulatory model we proposed here. Understanding neural activity dependent MeCP2 function is critical in elucidating the mechanisms of Rett Syndrome. Though rapid progress has been made in the identification of MeCP2 targeting genes, we still do not understand how changes in gene expression result in neuronal structural and functional changes. Rett Syndrome is exacerbated during the early postnatal period. Neural activity plays a critical role in this process. Understanding the relationship between physiological levels of neuronal activity and MeCP2 regulation is the obvious next challenge. The olfactory system provides an excellent model for the easy manipulation of activity stimulation and examination of subtle axonal targeting defects. This study established that cell adhesion molecules are regulated by MeCP2 in an activity dependent manner. Further genomic analysis will provide a comprehensive understanding of MeCP2 regulation of gene expression and could help in the development of treatment strategies for Rett Sy ndrome.

Les Miserables :: essays research papers

Les Miserables, by Victor Hugo, starts out with Valjean saying how he is 19 years old and a thief. The novel goes through his whole life. It explains the many conflicts he faces. But mainly it shows how he tries to escape his past during the French Revolution. Valjean was not a very wealthy man. He stole a piece of bread because he was hungry. He got tried and committed as if he had done a major crime and served 5 years in prison. He ended up doing 19 years of hard labor because he had tried to escape and failed. After he got out he had no where to go. A forgiving bishop decided to take him in. He feeds him and gives him clothes and shelter. Even after all that the bishop has done for him, Valjean steals silverware from the bishop. Once the bishop found out it was him who had stole it, the bishop tells the police that he gave it to Valjean, so Valjean could get off. After this Valjean decides to shape himself up. He sold the silver and moved to a town up north. He gets a job and he tries to start a life. Not only did he change his name, but he becomes a changed person as well. He eventually becomes mayor of this town. However, his past comes to haunt him. A police officer, which goes by the name of Javert, followed him to this town. Javert accuses another man of being the thief, so Valjean, being a changed man, turns himself in to save an innocent man. Eventually, Valjean escapes. When he is out he meets this woman Fantine, who is a prostitute. She is very sick and Valjean helps nurse her. On her deathbed, Fantine asks Valjean to take care of her daughter who is now owned by a money hungry family. Valjean agrees and buys her daughter, Cosette, from this family. He then takes her and all of the money he has left and flees to Paris. The novel then moves to 9 years later. This is during the French Revolution. Cosette is now a young adult. She meets a student revolutionary named Marius. Javert, the police officer, is trailing Marius. That brings Javert back on the trail of Valjean. Once again, he can not escape his past. Cosette and Marius fall in love and plan to wed. Les Miserables :: essays research papers Les Miserables, by Victor Hugo, starts out with Valjean saying how he is 19 years old and a thief. The novel goes through his whole life. It explains the many conflicts he faces. But mainly it shows how he tries to escape his past during the French Revolution. Valjean was not a very wealthy man. He stole a piece of bread because he was hungry. He got tried and committed as if he had done a major crime and served 5 years in prison. He ended up doing 19 years of hard labor because he had tried to escape and failed. After he got out he had no where to go. A forgiving bishop decided to take him in. He feeds him and gives him clothes and shelter. Even after all that the bishop has done for him, Valjean steals silverware from the bishop. Once the bishop found out it was him who had stole it, the bishop tells the police that he gave it to Valjean, so Valjean could get off. After this Valjean decides to shape himself up. He sold the silver and moved to a town up north. He gets a job and he tries to start a life. Not only did he change his name, but he becomes a changed person as well. He eventually becomes mayor of this town. However, his past comes to haunt him. A police officer, which goes by the name of Javert, followed him to this town. Javert accuses another man of being the thief, so Valjean, being a changed man, turns himself in to save an innocent man. Eventually, Valjean escapes. When he is out he meets this woman Fantine, who is a prostitute. She is very sick and Valjean helps nurse her. On her deathbed, Fantine asks Valjean to take care of her daughter who is now owned by a money hungry family. Valjean agrees and buys her daughter, Cosette, from this family. He then takes her and all of the money he has left and flees to Paris. The novel then moves to 9 years later. This is during the French Revolution. Cosette is now a young adult. She meets a student revolutionary named Marius. Javert, the police officer, is trailing Marius. That brings Javert back on the trail of Valjean. Once again, he can not escape his past. Cosette and Marius fall in love and plan to wed.

I got a D for this TOK Essay Essay

4. The traditional TOK diagram indicates four ways of knowing. Propose the inclusion of a fifth way of knowing selected from intuition, memory or imagination, and explore the knowledge issues it may raise in two areas of knowledge. Word count: 1207 Memory is a tool people use to process things they come to learn about the world. In psychology memory is described by the term cognitive processes which include perception, thinking, problem solving, memory, language and attention. Cognition is ones mental perception of the world like images, words and concepts. Memory is not an exact copy of experiences but an outline. What people actually remember and what they have been told by someone else, is mixed so the thing people remember and thinks is the truth is a lie. This is called false memory and the brain would make an illusion or use imagination to twist the truth around. In this connection where people can manipulate memory questions may arise about the trustworthiness in a witness testimony. Also when people can manipulate memory how reliable is memory as a way of knowing. If a person witnessed a robbery and testified to the police about what they saw, you would not believe that a person would lie but if the policeman were to ask the wrong question people would subconsciously lie about what they saw. For example if a police man could ask, what colour shirt was he wearing? The witness would thing about the colour of the shirt but if instead he asked, what colour shirt was he wearing? Green? Blue? The witness might mention one of those colours the police man mentioned. So the witness could accidently give a false testimony because the policeman’s question was not neutral hence, the witness got false memory. This would be a connection to history as a area of knowing, history books consist of memories written down. Some history books are of primary memory, written by people who have experienced a historical aspect and secondary memory, written by people who have been told by another person who had experienced a historical aspect. Since memory is not always remembered correct history books can be wrong. Memory is one of the most important ways by which our histories animate our current actions and experiences. Memory seems to be a source of knowledge. We remember experiences and events which are not happening now, so memory differs from perception. We remember events which really happened, so memory is unlike pure imagination. Yet, in practice, there can be close interactions between remembering, perceiving, and imagining. Another area of knowing were memory is used is the arts. Actors, musicians and dancers use memory to remember words, notes and choreography. How they do this is by using motion, a required motion on stage, so the moves help the brain to recall stored information. Communication, reading lines out laud, even in early stages and try to visualise an audience you have to communicate to. Internalization, make the lines personal, to become the character, dancer or musician. In the way of knowing memory plays a big role in inductive reasoning and you could ask, to what extent is reason based on previous memory experience? We jump to conclusions in inductive reasoning as the results of our memory since memory is the key to remember past events, for example a person has only seen a red rose all his life so therefore all roses must be red but that is not true because there are many different coloured roses and this is called the problem of induction. If something has happen often in the past, there is a good chance it will do so again. The conclusions are drawn from limited evidence because we have no choice but to do so, most of the times this seems reasonable but sometimes not, we need to consider if the evidence supports a conclusion and when it doesn’t. Also in deductive reasoning we use memory to make generalisations and to draw similarities between issues, objects and thought. In deductive reasoning we would use memory to know what is required of valid and a true argument. In language also a way of knowing, memory is used to remember and understand the †codes† ,â€Å"symbols† and sounds in order to learn and communicate the language that is being taught. If we weren’t able to remember the†codes†, â€Å"symbols† and sounds when learning a language, languages would be meaningless. Because all we would just have been taught would be forgotten right away. Sense perception, a way of knowing, can only be used if we can remember what we see, hear, feel, smell and taste. Without memory we wouldn’t be able to recall these senses and perceive them. The other way around sense perception is a big trigger of memory, if for example the smell of a horse triggers my memory to think of my childhood because I grew up on a farm with horses so I would connect those things together, the smell of horses = my childhood. The same if a heard a specific song in an important moment of my life then when I heard that song later on in life I would think of that moment. Big event makes people remember too for example 9/11, people can remember what they were doing and where they were at the moment they were told or saw it on the news. Emotion is one of the ways of knowing which most people would argue could do without memory since it acts on impulse. However emotions are based on past experiences like affection and hatred towards somebody due to past events. In the dictionary emotion is described as particular type of mental state similar to memory. People remember differently and they need to know what type of learner they are. Some people are visual learners and others are audio learners. Visual learners need to see things to understand them for example in chemistry a visual learner needs to see the atom to understand what it is. An audio learner would need to hear the things they need to learn out laud and would not be able to understand it if the person had to read things to learn. If we know which type of learner we are we can better learn and learn faster. Memory is an important skill to have because without it we would not be able to exist. We would not be able to remember what we like, were we live, who to trust or what is right and wrong. Memory is the essential thing that the ways of knowing are build and based. It links all the ways of knowing together because all the ways of knowing needs memory to work precisely. Memory would not necessarily be a fifth way of knowing since there are many  flaw to memory, but I think that it connects the ways of knowing and it is an important skill to have so we can learn and use the accepted ways of knowing. Memory could be the overall term of ways of knowing and the four ways of knowing could be under the memory category. Bibliography Books Crane, John and Hannibal, Jette, Psychology course companion, Oxford university press, 2009 Alchin, Nicholas, Hodder Murray, 2003 Internet pages http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/memory/ http://theater.about.com/od/careersintheater/a/actors-memory.htm http://www.ibsurvival.com/topic/13374-memory/ http://pottsiex5.wordpress.com/2012/02/22/tok-reflection-memory/

Description of what you have experienced as a major joy or a series of smaller related joys.

Description of what you have experienced as a major joy or a series of smaller related joys. Throughout our journeys, we can expect the road of life to be paved with many joys and sorrows. What I am about to convey to you, the reader, are a few of my joyful memories during my quarter of a century travels on this road. Some of you will be able to empathize with what I say and relate to the same general feelings. Others will not relate to my own specific events but instead recall their own. As human beings, we can relate to the same subject of joy and sorrow.My earliest, joyful childhood memory is that of my grandmother and the times we spent with one another. I had to have been about seven years old. At that age my grandmother meant the world to me. I remember her taking me on "secret" walks with her on her farm. These special adventures were reserved just for me.GrandparentsWe would go to her meadow of wild flowers on warm and sunny days, lay down a big comfy blanket, and have a picnic fit for royalty. She would always go out of her way to make our special retreats in this p lace magical. She would pack her best plates and crystal water goblets in her large wicker picnic basket, along with all the foods and beverages we jointly enjoyed. She and I would make our way to this place on earth that was reserved solely for the two of us, all the while, her reminiscing about our shared bonds of heritage. When we would get to our lea, with its soft scents of honeydew dancing around our noses, we would feast on our picnic. During our banquet, we would concoct outlandish stories, each of us building off the others, most of which involved fire breathing dragons and damsels...

Nucleation Definition (Chemistry and Physics)

Nucleation Definition (Chemistry and Physics) NucleationDefinition Nucleation is the process where droplets of liquid can condense from a vapor, or bubbles of gas can form in a boiling liquid. Nucleation can also occur in crystal solution to grow new crystals. It is seen in gases when tiny bubbles coalesce into larger ones. In general, nucleation is a self-organizing process that leads to a new thermodynamic phase or a self-assembled structure. Nucleation is affected by the level of impurities in a system, which can provide surfaces to support assembly. In heterogeneous nucleation, organization begins at nucleation points on surfaces. In homogeneous nucleation, organization occurs away from a surface. For example, sugar crystals growing on a string is an example of heterogeneous nucleation. Another example is the crystallization of a snowflake around a dust particle. An example of homogeneous nucleation is growth of crystals in a solution rather than a container wall. Examples of Nucleation Dust and pollutants provide nucleation sites for water vapor in the atmosphere to form clouds.Seed crystals provide nucleation sites for crystal growing.In the Diet Coke and Mentos eruption, the Mentos candies offer nucleation sites for the formation of carbon dioxide bubbles.If you place your finger in a glass of soda, carbon dioxide bubbles will nucleate around it. Carbon dioxide bubbles nucleating on a finger. Arie Melamed-Katz Sources Pruppacher, H. R.; Klett J. D. (1997). Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation.Sear, R.P. (2007). Nucleation: theory and applications to protein solutions and colloidal suspensions (PDF). Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 19 (3): 033101. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/19/3/033101

Discuss the challenges and benefits involved in using a health Essay - 1

Discuss the challenges and benefits involved in using a health promotion approach to tackle the levels of depression experienced within the general population - Essay Example This has been majorly attributed to the fact that research undertaken among these professionals to facilitate the understanding of mental health issues differ with regard to the methodologies, theories and language used to undertake the study. Stakeholders such as psychologist, sociologists, non-governmental organizations and governments have developed and implemented various approaches directed towards reducing various health challenges that arise due to cognitive problems. The level of efficacy among these approaches differs to a great extent; however, some of these challenges have shown a great level of relationship. Another most obvious characteristic of these challenges is the fact that they have benefits and to some extent demerits. This discussion will focus on the various approaches that are used to promote mental health among different populace and their associated challenges as well as benefits, specifically those that are applied towards reducing problems caused by depression. Depression one of the most common mental health challenges that are in the contemporary society. Most psychologists have described depression as disorder that affects an individual’s moods by causing continuous feelings of sadness as well as loss of interests in various human activities (Aguirre, 2008). In addition, depression has been cited as mental health challenge that can also affect an individual’s physical capacities and emotions by creating variation in an individual’s mode of thinking and behavior (Aguirre, 2008). One of the most common approach to addressing various levels of depression as a mental health challenge is the application of the Public Health Approach. Specifically, this approach involves the application of medical and psychological strategies geared towards changing the behaviors, lifestyles and coping mechanisms to challenges caused by depression. Public health approaches are closely related with the reduction of depression as a major

Music as a Means of Expressing Identity and Change in the Music Essay

Music as a Means of Expressing Identity and Change in the Music Industry - Essay Example The message conveyed in the music was not necessary false, but it was exaggerated in some manner (Whitfield). A typical example is L. Wolfe Gilbert who depicted â€Å"The levee, in old Alabammy†. It should be noted that the state is one hundred and fifty miles east of any levees. L. Wolfe Gilbert had some knowledge about the Black Sea because he was born in Ukraine, but he had no knowledge of the Mississippi River. Therefore, singing about the levee when he had no knowledge of any levee was a way of presenting imagination as truth, through music. Those who knew the levees, listened to his music, and identified with it, expressing their identity, a form of forgery it was. Another example of false reality is George Gershwin’s biggest hit, â€Å"Swanee† (Whitfield). The musician, George Gershwin, presented in his music, information about the Suwannee River as a reality, but this was a forged reality. This is because George Gershwin and his lyricist visited the Suwan nee River, only after their song had become so famous in the nation. This means that the two had no first hand experience or practical information about the Suwannee River, but they fantasised the information they sang about the river (Whitfield). That is why, during their visit to the river, they found the location not as impressive as expected, and were shocked on knowing the reality. Whoever who listened to the song, thinking that the artists knew the reality about what they were singing forged whatever the identity that s/he expressed about who s/he is. Nora Bayes produced soothing and famous hits such as ‘Shine On and Harvest Moon, but her song’s composer, Harry Von Tilzer was not a husbandman (Whitfield). The songs were used by listeners... This "Music as a Means of Expressing Identity and Change in the Music Industry" essay outlines interesting point of view on the music and purposes in which people use it. Also, it researches the music of the history and its development. The music industry has gone through several cycles of corporate consolidation and diversification since the late 19th century. Often these swings occurred in response to technological innovations or legal proceedings. There various moments of change that music has passed through, and such moments have had some effects on the sound of popular music. One such moment was the period when live performances lost their role in music. Initially, musicians performed their music live in clubs. The loss of the role of live performances in music led to led to the split of music genres. As a result, the use of discos where music was played in clubs became common. For instance, the Beatles made rock to be the most popular concert and album of their time (Wald). The making of rock the most popular concert and music of this time had a positive effect on the sound of popular music. There was more respect for popular music, as a result of this. It should also be noted that jazz music attained a widespread respectability as well, only after it had ceased to be a mainstream pop style. This is because he artists had capitalised on technological advancements to alter the beats of popular music. Later, due to technological advancements, rock music was separated from its rhythmic and cultural roots.

Hobby, some sport activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hobby, some sport activity - Essay Example The most popular cricketer in the world at the present is Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar who has attained the attention of the Indian populace as they believe he is their God and hence they follow each and every move of his. The game is professionally played in a few countries, most important of which are Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, England, India, Kenya, New Zealand, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, South Africa, an amalgamation of Central American states by the cricketing name of West Indies and Zimbabwe. Many people play it as a hobby because it gives them satisfaction and the me-too feeling that they can copy actions of cricketers is an emotional attachment. Some play it because they can relate to the game while others just play because it is their favorite pastime. Then again, there are the young ones who play cricket in the form of online cricket games, while some manage cricket teams through video programs which essentially link them with this game in one way or the other. The game of cricket is a bat and ball game which is played at 11 a side (players on each team). The field is a circle which has a pitch (also called the wicket) measuring 22 yards from one end to another formed in a rectangular fashion. Each team takes its turn to bat a quota of certain overs and then the other team bats. When one team bats, the other one fields and vice versa (Quester 1998). There are two on field umpires who supervise a match at all times. There is also a third umpire who sits with the match referee who in turn oversee the match proceedings. The game of cricket is governed by the International Cricket Council (ICC) which has its headquarters in Dubai, the famous city of the United Arab Emirates. Formerly, it was based in London, the capital of the United Kingdom. The laws of cricket are taken care of by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) whereas there are Standard Playing Conditions for Test Matches, One Day Internationals and Twenty20 matches. Incidentally, these three forms of cric ket are the ones that are played by professionals all over the world, and especially in the countries mentioned above. Cricket is played both by men and women. The ICC takes care of both the men’s teams and the women’s teams that are put forward by the individual nations – all of which come under the auspices of the ICC. It is mandatory for all the member nations to comply with the rules and policies as laid down by the ICC so that there are proper standards which are in place as far as the playing conditions, doping issues and other factors are related (Level 1 Coaching Course 2013). Having a uniform set of rules means that the ICC has more control over the member nations and the game of cricket as a whole prospers as there is a parent body that has complete command and control regarding the sport. Cricket has always been historical in terms of its age and grandeur within England. It is due to this reason that its headquarters was in London until the 2000s. The English hold the rights for this sport mainly because they were the ones who started playing it for the first time. The first Test Match was played between England Australia back in the late 1880s. The first One Day International Match was played similarly between these two arch rivals in 1971 and the trend continued so on (Harrison 1999). Cricket has been able to make its mark just a single time –

Genetic Testing and Counseling in Pregnancy Essay Example for Free

Genetic Testing and Counseling in Pregnancy Essay For many women, pregnancy is met with excitement. However, for a few couples, the pregnancy can take a completely different turn when the fetus is determined to be afflicted with Tay-Sachs disease. This is a genetic condition, usually found in Caucasians, and primarily those of Jewish descent, and develops in 25% of cases when both parents carry the recessive gene (National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases [NTSAD], n. d. ). Genetic counseling is a relatively new concept in healthcare and â€Å"is the process of helping people understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease† (National Society of Genetic Counselors [NSGC], 2005, para. 2). For the men and women facing a pregnancy involving Tay-Sachs, genetic counseling is a viable and important option to consider. However, to ensure quality care and education, genetic counseling needs to involve a team of healthcare professionals from a variety of backgrounds. Interdisciplinary Team Members and Their Roles in Genetic Counseling Appropriate members of a multi-disciplinary team for the Trosacks include a genetic counselor, a nutritionist or dietician, the high-risk OB-GYN physician, a registered nurse specializing in high-risk perinatal care, and a therapist specializing in marriage and family therapy needs. Each member of this team will add a unique perspective to the Trosack’s case. The genetic counselor has graduate-level education and experience in both medical genetics and counseling (NSGC, 2005, para. 1). Using her expertise and skills, she will review the medical history for Mr. nd Mrs. Trosack, and their families, identify other genetic risks that may exist and explain inheritance patterns. She will provide information and resources for further education on genetic disorders, so that they can continue to learn about Tay-Sachs and connect with other families facing the disease. In addition to this expert information, the Trosacks will benefit from a nutritionist or dietician. The nutritionist not only has special training in the area of nutrition, but also in educating patients about their options and making nutritious choices. In general, a nutritionist can â€Å"advise individuals†¦on the nutritional practices that will promote good health, [and] structure and recommend diet plans for whole families†¦including guides to the correct preparation of meals and shopping for the right foods (Princeton Review, n. d. ). He will perform a nutrition assessment, provide education on additional nutritional needs due to pregnancy, and even assist with meal planning to ensure a health pregnancy. He will continue to assess and make recommendations on Mrs. Trosack’s nutritional needs based on lab work throughout the pregnancy. The patient’s overall care is the responsibility of her OB-GYN, who specializes in high-risk pregnancies. A high-risk OB-GYN has a lengthy education, residency and fellowship history to gain knowledge in caring for older patients, patients with specific medical conditions and patients carrying a pregnancy that has been determined to need specialized care. The perinatologist is not only capable of making diagnoses other obstetricians may miss, but can also perform specialized procedures and administer medications across the placenta (Perinatologists, n. d. ). She will assess the medical needs of Mrs.  Trosack and the fetus throughout the pregnancy, monitor fetal growth and development, order diagnostic tests as needed, and provide referrals to other specialists as needed. Working with the physician will be a nurse specializing in prenatal clients. This nurse has chosen to expand on her nursing education, taking additional classes and obtaining certifications specific to perinatal care. He will assess the couple’s understanding of pregnancy and prenatal care at the first visit and make a plan to educate them on each stage of pregnancy and fetal development as well as options available during labor and delivery. Additionally, he will ensure the couple understanding for each test or referral suggested by the physician. Due to the nature of the diagnosis, the couple will also benefit from a marriage and family therapist on their team. The couple has already expressed exasperation over the diagnosis, and volley between denial and acceptance of the diagnosis. Additionally, Mrs. Trosack has already expressed guilt over her workload and its â€Å"affect† on the baby. Mr. Trosack has expressed anger, which can lead to resentment. The strong emotions felt by both parties need to be expressed in a healthy way to preserve their marriage, and a therapist specializing in family matters is an appropriate facilitator. She will meet with the couple together, as well as individually to assess their feelings about the pregnancy, the Tay-Sachs diagnosis and the feelings they have toward each other. The therapy sessions will continue after the birth of their baby, due to the nature of the disease and the stress the baby’s health will add to their lives. Teaching Plan for the Initial Visit  The teaching plan for the Trosacks’ initial visit at the high-risk pregnancy center will include the following:  ·Genetic diagnosis—The Trosacks need to understand the diagnosis of Tay-Sachs: how it is transmitted, the probability of other pregnancies testing positive, and what symptoms their child is likely to develop. This will help them to understand they have done nothing wrong and prepare for the special needs their child will have.  ·Treatment—No treatment exists for the disease itself, but the Trosacks will benefit from learning about the symptoms their child may develop and how those symptoms are treated. They will be informed of ways to keep their child safe and comfortable during the illness.  ·Prognosis as it applies to Tay-Sachs—The prognosis for infantile Tay-Sachs is poor, with most children becoming progressively worse until their death by age 4 or 5. The Trosacks need to be informed of this so that they can make preparations—for themselves and other family members. Because most children develop normally until around six months of age, the Trosacks need to know that an absence of symptoms does not mean an absence of the disease (NTSAD, n. d. ). They need to know that their time with this child will be limited and filled with doctor visits and difficult medical decisions. With this education and advanced notice, they can begin to discuss which treatments they may consider (medications) and those treatments they may not want to consider (feeding tube).  ·Support groups and appropriate referrals—With the Internet, the community of support for families with Tay-Sachs has greatly expanded. The Trosacks will be given information on local support groups as well as the internet communities available to them. They will be directed to the National Tay-Sachs and Allied Disease, March of Dimes and National Organization for Rare Disorders websites to connect with other families who are living with Tay-Sachs. This support will help the Trosacks connect with the only other people who know what they are going through, share their concerns without fear of judgment, and learn from those have gone through it all personally.  ·Pregnancy information—Information on pregnancy is necessary for any pregnant woman, especially during her first pregnancy. Over the length of the pregnancy, the Trosacks will learn about how pregnancy and fetal development progresses during each trimester, what changes Mrs. Trosack can expect—physically and emotionally, and ways in which Mr. Trosack can be of assistance to her. The first visit will specifically cover the development to date and through the end of the first trimester. They will view pictures of the developing fetus and the ways in which Mrs. Trosack’s body is changing to accommodate the pregnancy. Ethical Implications of Having Genetic Information Available While genetic testing is a wonderful addition to the vast array of diagnostics medicine now offers, it can bring about new ethical implications. In reference to autonomy, genetic testing can sometimes reveal information about one’s family that was not known. For example, a Caucasian family may be surprised to find they are carriers for Sickle Cell disease, a disease found primarily in African-Americans and can bring about questions regarding the family history. These discussions may lead to the ethical issue of perceived invasions of privacy for other family members. Another example would be the dilemmas that occur when there is a difference in societal believes and one’s personal beliefs. First, â€Å"persons with a genetic condition may prefer not to learn that their offspring is at risk for the condition, or they may prefer to have offspring with the same condition present in other family members† (Halsey Lea, Williams, Donahue, 2005, para. 15). Secondly, some people may feel it is unjust to bring a baby with anomalies into the world. The results of genetic testing in these instances may necessitate decisions about continuing pregnancy, selective termination and adoption. A third example of ethical dilemmas in regards to genetic information being available is in relation to beneficence and nonmalificence. For example, clinicians caring for a pregnant patient find the baby she is carrying has spina bifida. The patient states her sister had spina bifida and that she wants to deliver her baby in the community hospital with a midwife. The clinician now must balance her respect for her patient’s wishes with the concern she feels in allowing a baby with special needs to be born in an environment that cannot provide services that may improve the birth’s outcome (Halsey Lea et al. 2005). A fourth ethical issue is that of justice. For, some genetic disorders can be found with testing while others still cannot. For example, â€Å"the ability to identify carrier status for a mutation in the gene for cystic fibrosis is lower among Asian American and African American persons† than it is in Caucasians (Halsey Lea et al. , 2005). Thus, the results of testing performed on an Asian American or African American patient may not be a reliable indicator of their carrier status. Personal Thoughts, Feelings and Advocacy As a woman, this writer cannot begin to imagine the feelings felt by the Trosacks. After years of trying to conceive, they learn that they are finally pregnant only to find out their baby is likely to die by age five from a horrible, progressive disease. If in Mrs. Trosack’s shoes, would this writer be brave enough to continue the pregnancy, knowing the prognosis? I do not know. I am sure, however, that the Trosacks have a difficult road ahead of them. If I were Mrs. Trosack, I would expect to feel a constant state of grief—over the diagnosis and the life my child will not have, the loss of those milestones parents look forward to (first day of school, first dance, etc), the impending months or years of illness. I would hope that I could treasure the better moments I do have with my child—from birth to death, holding her as much as possible, trying to focus on the symptom-free moments, taking as many pictures as I can to record her short life. I question how angry a woman would feel in this situation. Surely, even those women with strong religious beliefs question the â€Å"why† of the diagnosis and circumstance. â€Å"Why, after all this time allow me to conceive if you’re going to give me a child so sick? What is the point of bringing a child into life if they are to suffer throughout? Why us? † Would a woman facing this diagnosis feel as if everyone pities her? While reading the case study, I found myself feeling pity for her, knowing that she would lose her child in such a horrible way after wanting a child so badly. Despite these feelings, the Trosacks’ choice to continue their pregnancy is just that†¦their choice. Many people think that being pro-choice means advocating for abortion. However, it is my belief that being pro-choice means advocating for people to make the best choice for themselves in particular situations. For, only those going through a particular situation know best how well or poorly they can handle a decision and circumstance. Their decision to continue a pregnancy after the diagnosis was made is a brave one and speaks volumes to their character and beliefs. The Trosacks’ case manager will work with each member of the interdisciplinary team to ensure they respect the wishes of the couple. The couple needs to know that they are supported and are being treated without judgment from the team members. She will meet with the team members to ensure they are able to continue treating with couple appropriately. If any of the team members express an inability to refrain from sharing their personal feelings with the couple, she will find suitable replacements. While the team members are entitled to their feelings, they are expected to keep those feelings to themselves when caring for patients. And, when patients are facing emotional and controversial decisions, the separation is even more important. Ethical and Legal Considerations When the Trosacks made the decision to continue the pregnancy after learning their baby has Tay-Sachs, they became bound, legally and ethically, to care for the child after the birth. Ethical considerations include the decision to bring a child into a life of poor health and early death after a progressive decline. Many people in society will judge them for this, and the child will be perceived in certain ways by others. Further, they will be faced with the decision to allow researchers to follow their child in an effort to gain more information about the disease in search for a cure. The child has no autonomy as a minor, and has no right to privacy when her parents are making the decisions. Another ethical question is who owns the genetic information? The genetic information is on the child’s DNA, but the parents are the ones making all the decisions. Legally, there are several areas of concern for the couple. First, they are now bound to provide healthcare to this child, despite the poor prognosis. They must provide food, clothing and shelter, and keep the child safe and comfortable as she declines. The child will eventually develop problems with swallowing, and at that time, will require further interventions to maintain life. Secondly, they are required to provide medical care for the child; and, with the poor prognosis, this is likely to involve many appointments, testing and medications or treatments. Third, they may have problems with insurance coverage, as some insurance policies may consider the child’s diagnosis to be pre-existing, denying coverage for any treatments associated with the disease. Though this is certainly not ethical, it is legal in this country, and may lead to financial problems and difficulty in continuing to obtain quality medical care.

The Ghost of Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay examples -- Toni Morrison B

The Ghost of Beloved One of the most engaging arguments about Toni Morrison’s book Beloved is centered around the nature of the girl Beloved. The argument is whether Beloved is simply a young woman who herself had suffered the horrors of slavery, or the ghost of Sethe’s crawling already? baby girl. The evidence shows that Morrison intended Beloved to be the ghost of the crawling already? girl. It has been said that there are basically two reasons why ghosts walk: they have either unfinished business to attend to of have died a very violent death. The crawling already? girl fits both of these profiles. She died without growing up, without knowing why she died. As a result, she has unfinished business with her mother, Sethe. The crawling already? girl’s death was also horribly violent. Her mother cut her throat with a saw in the cold shed, rather than have her and her children be brought back into slavery. Many of the clues that indicate Beloved is actually the ghost of the baby girl are within the passages where she first arrives at the house on Bluestone Road. Each of these things put together support the idea that Toni Morrison intended Beloved to be the ghost of the crawling already? baby girl. The first clue is that she "had what sounded like asthma", meaning that her breathing was labored. If Beloved is the ghost, it would make sense that she would have trouble breathing; after all, because the windpipe is found in the neck, and Beloved’s neck was nearly severed, her windpipe would have to have been severed also. She would have quick, raspy breathing, as people with asthma have when they can’t hold a breath. Earlier in the book, Morrison talked about how the ghost slammed Here Boy into ... ...of the bread that Baby Suggs gave her. The burnt bottom pieces of the bread could have reminded her of the river that they crossed to get to 124. The river could have looked black because they crossed at night. When all of the information is tallied up and the clues counted, all of the evidence points to the fact that Beloved is not a real woman, but the spirit if the baby girl come to life. She could have reanimated the body from the hunter’s cabin that Stamp Paid made a passing reference to, or maybe she created the body herself, and that’s why she was so worried it would fall apart. That doesn’t matter. What does matter is that all of the evidence points to the fact that somehow, Beloved did come back to life. She is truly the ghost of the crawling already? baby girl. Works Cited: Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York, Penguin Books USA Inc, 1988.

The Importance of Using a Condom Essays -- Argumentative Persuasive Ar

The Importance of Using a Condom In a recent study performed at the University of New Orleans by Dr. Bruce M. King, only 20% of men reported using a condom consistently, while only 50% reported using protection with a new partner. The results of condom use or lack there of is clear: ? 2/3 of all STIs occur in people 25 years of age or younger ? By the age of 24, 1 in 3 sexually active people will have contracted an STI ? In 2000, 15- to 19-year-old women had the highest rate of gonorrhea compared to all other age categories. (Sources: American Social Health Association, Centers for Disease Control, and Planned Parenthood.) There are many stigmas about using condoms. Many sexually active college students simply don?t find sexual intercourse with condoms as satisfying as sex without them. Often students find it inconvenient, or expensive to use condoms. However, all of these excuses are minuscule compared to the dangerous and life-altering results of not using protection, in addition all of these issues can be overcome. First it may be true that not using ... The Importance of Using a Condom Essays -- Argumentative Persuasive Ar The Importance of Using a Condom In a recent study performed at the University of New Orleans by Dr. Bruce M. King, only 20% of men reported using a condom consistently, while only 50% reported using protection with a new partner. The results of condom use or lack there of is clear: ? 2/3 of all STIs occur in people 25 years of age or younger ? By the age of 24, 1 in 3 sexually active people will have contracted an STI ? In 2000, 15- to 19-year-old women had the highest rate of gonorrhea compared to all other age categories. (Sources: American Social Health Association, Centers for Disease Control, and Planned Parenthood.) There are many stigmas about using condoms. Many sexually active college students simply don?t find sexual intercourse with condoms as satisfying as sex without them. Often students find it inconvenient, or expensive to use condoms. However, all of these excuses are minuscule compared to the dangerous and life-altering results of not using protection, in addition all of these issues can be overcome. First it may be true that not using ...

Project Manager – Main Responsibilities

i) Project Manager – main responsibilities and desired traits Project manager has primary responsibilities for providing leadership in planning, organizing and controlling to the project team to accomplish the project objective in quality manner, within budget and on time as a cohesive group. [pic] Desired Traits Skills Effective project managers must posses a variety of skills in addition to general management skills.While certain necessary skills may be dependent upon the project, there are some skills that all project managers should possess. Leadership ability -create a vision an direction, inspiring the team, give empowerment, give motivations, appreciate and values the contribution by recognition, praise encouragement, establishing an environment of trust, high expectations and enjoyment.Ability to develop people – has a commitment to the training and development of people working on the project. Give the team an opportunity to add value from experience by gaining knowledge and more competent. Communication skills – the ability to communicate clearly, effectively, and regularly for the purpose of to have a good working relationship with the project team, customers and other stakeholders.Interpersonal skills- the ability to develop a relationship with each team member in order to know â€Å"what motivates them, how they think things are going, what concerns they have, and how they feel about things† Problem-Solving – the ability to anticipate problems, recognize them when they arise, and solve them quickly and efficiently Time Management – the ability to prioritize, delegate, and manage time effectively Ability to handle stress – the ability to handle stress that can arise from work situation.Negotiating Skills – able to interact with customers, sponsor, the project organization’s management, subcontractors, vendors and end user to arrive at a mutually acceptable agreement on an issue. Conclusi on The project manager responsibilities of planning, organizing, and controlling are general management responsibilities. In addition to these responsibilities, the effective project manager must possess a specific set of skills that can be used to manage projects successfully. ———————– PROJECT MANAGER

Crucible Act 2 essays

Crucible Act 2 essays In The Crucible certain characters are either accepted or condemned because of their actions pertaining to the hysteria of witchcraft during the turbulent times of Salem. When the trials first started, hysteria began growing into serious crimes that would have the person accused both losing all of their belongings and confessing to a crime that they had not committed or to be hanged and to keep their pride. The trials make the hysteria worse in the town and give way to the accusations of even more and more people for even less probable reasons. People in Salem were affected differently from these trials and were given different responsibilities that they must handle to keep the town safe, such characters are Abigail and John Proctor. During the second act of The Crucible, Abigail began to blow many things out of proportion. As seen in the first act she blamed Tituba in hopes of getting away with her crime unscathed, but things soon grew out of proportion and she was given the chance to accuse more and more people for her own benefit. Abigail then started to attack peoples reputation and because of her accusations, she was made stronger, she especially wanted to be a better person in the eyes of Salem than Goody Proctor and so she staged a deceiving act that made it seem that she was attacked by the witch-loving Goody Anne Proctor and her spirit conjuring powers. Abigail was conniving against the entire town to make them believe that she was a saint or in her own words, Gods finger (Miller Pg. 62) Because of her responsibility to the town to be able to see who was working with the devil, she gained respect and a huge amount of power in Salem and was therefore considered important because of her ability to assur e everyone of the presence of witchcraft in Salem. Proctor though, was the exact opposite of Abigail and her response to witchcraft. Proctor saw that the entire idea of ...

Reign of Terror in Tale of Two Cities

Reign of Terror in Tale of Two Cities The Reign of Terror was a period of time during the French Revolution when officials would randomly execute people who were thought to be a threat to their plans. The Reign of Terror was ran by a group called the "Committee of Public Safety." The group ruled France when it was going through a "national emergency," such as the French Revolution, and was considered to be a dictatorship.The Committee of Public Safety formed on April 6, 1793 to preserve the reform during the French Revolution. By September 6 of the same year the group took its final form. They had twelve members and their main member was said to be a man named Maximilien Robespierre.The group's prime objective was to eliminate anyone who would get in the way of the revolutionaries. Like in Tale of Two Cities, people that came into France were commonly though of as traitors and were executed immediately.The Wanderer is set during the Reign of Terror, ex...Also, the group tried to form a militia of the people in France tha t were fed up with the aristocracy. They also had to provide food supplies to people and the armies.

An Introduction to Inti and the Inca Sun God

An Introduction to Inti and the Inca Sun God The Inca culture of Western South America had a complex religion and one of their most important deities was Inti, the Sun. There were many temples to Inti and Sun worship affected many aspects of life for the Inca, including architecture, festivals and the semi-divine status of the royal family. The Inca Empire The Inca Empire stretched from present-day Colombia to Chile and included most of Peru and Ecuador. The Inca were an advanced, wealthy culture with sophisticated record-keeping, astronomy and art. Originally from the Lake Titicaca area, the Inca were once one tribe of many in the high Andes, but they began a systematic program of conquest and assimilation and by the time of their first contact with Europeans their Empire was vast and complex. Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro first encountered the Inca in 1533 and swiftly conquered the Empire. Inca Religion Inca religion was complicated and incorporated many aspects of the sky and nature. The Inca had a pantheon of sorts: major Gods who had individual personalities and duties. The Inca also venerated countless huacas: these were minor spirits that inhabited places, things and sometimes people. A huaca could be anything that stood out from its surroundings: a large tree, a waterfall, or even a person with a curious birthmark. The Inca also venerated their dead and considered the royal family to be semi-divine, descended from the Sun. Inti, the Sun God Of the major gods, Inti, the Sun God, was second only to Viracocha, the creator god, in importance. Inti was higher-ranking than other gods such as the Thunder God and Pachamama, the Earth Mother. The Inca visualized Inti as a man: his wife was the Moon. Inti was the Sun and controlled all that implies: the Sun brings warmth, light and sunshine necessary for agriculture. The Sun (in conjunction with the Earth) had the power over all food: it was by his will that crops grew and animals thrived. The Sun God and the Royal Family The Inca royal family believed they were directly descended from Apu Inti (Lord Sun) through the first great Inca ruler, Manco Capac. The Inca royal family was therefore considered semi-divine by the people. The Inca himself - the word Inca actually means King or Emperor although it now refers to the entire culture - was considered very special and subject to certain rules and privileges. Atahualpa, the last true Emperor of the Inca, was the only one observed by the Spaniards. As the descendant of the Sun, his every whim was fulfilled. Anything he touched was stored away, later to be burned: these included everything from half-eaten ears of corn to sumptuous cloaks and clothing. Because the Inca royal family identified themselves with the Sun, it is no accident that the greatest temples in the Empire were dedicated to Inti. The Temple of Cuzco The greatest temple in the Inca Empire was the temple of the Sun in Cuzco. The Inca people were rich in gold, and this temple was unrivalled in its magnificence. It was known as Coricancha (Golden Temple) or Inti Cancha or Inti Wasi (Temple of the Sun or House of the Sun). The temple complex was massive, and included quarters for the priests and servants. There was a special building for the mamaconas, women who served the Sun and even slept in the same room as one of the Sun idols: they were said to be his wives. The Incas were master stonemasons and the temple represented the pinnacle of Inca stonework: parts of the temple are still visible today (the Spanish built a Dominican church and convent on the site). The temple was full of golden objects: some walls were covered in gold. Much of this gold was sent to Cajamarca as part of Atahualpas Ransom. Sun Worship Much Inca architecture was designed and built to assist in the worship of the Sun, Moon and stars. The Inca often built pillars which marked the position of the Sun at the solstices, which were celebrated by grand festivals. The Inca lords would preside at such festivals. In the great temple of the Sun, a high-ranking Inca woman – generally the sister of the reigning Inca, if one were available – was in charge of the cloistered women who served as the Sun’s â€Å"wives.† The priests observed holy days such as solstices and prepared the appropriate sacrifices and offerings. Eclipses The Inca could not predict solar eclipses, and when one occurred, it tended to trouble them greatly. The diviners would attempt to figure out why Inti was displeased, and sacrifices would be offered. The Inca rarely practiced human sacrifice, but an eclipse sometimes was considered cause to do so. The reigning Inca would often fast for days after an eclipse and withdraw from public duties. Inti Raymi One of the most important religious events of the Inca was Inti Ramyi, the annual festival of the sun. It took place in the seventh month of the Inca Calendar on June 20 or 21, the date of the Summer Solstice. Inti Raymi was celebrated all over the Empire, but the main celebration took place in Cuzco, where the reigning Inca would preside over the ceremonies and festivities. It opened with the sacrifice of 100 llamas selected for brown fur. The festival lasted for several days. Statues of the Sun God and other gods were brought out, dressed up and paraded around and sacrifices were made to them. There was much drinking, singing and dancing. Special statues were made of wood, representing certain gods: these were burned at the end of the festival. After the festival, the ashes of the statues and sacrifices were brought to a special place on a hillside: only those disposing of these ashes were ever allowed to go there. Inca Sun Worship The Inca Sun god was relatively benign: he was not destructive or violent like some Aztec Sun Gods like Tonatiuh or Tezcatlipoca. He only showed his wrath when there was an eclipse, at which point the Inca priests would sacrifice people and animals to appease him. The Spanish priests considered Sun Worship to be pagan at best (and thinly-disguised Devil worship at worst) and went to great lengths to stamp it out. Temples were destroyed, idols burned, festivals forbade. It is a grim testament to their zeal that very few Andeans practice any sort of traditional religion today. Most of the great Inca goldwork at the Cuzco Temple of the Sun and elsewhere found its way into the melting fires of the Spanish conquistadors - countless artistic and cultural treasures were melted down and shipped to Spain. Father Bernabà © Cobo tells the story of one Spanish soldier named Manso Serra who was awarded a massive Inca sun idol as his share of Atahualpas Ransom. Serra lost the idol gambling and its eventual fate is unknown. Inti is enjoying a bit of a comeback lately. After centuries of being forgotten, Inti Raymi is once more being celebrated in Cuzco and other parts of the former Inca Empire. The festival is popular among native Andeans, who see it as a way to reclaim their lost heritage, and tourists, who enjoy the colorful dancers. Sources De Betanzos, Juan. (translated and edited by Roland Hamilton and Dana Buchanan) Narrative of the Incas. Austin: the University of Texas Press, 2006 (1996). Cobo, Father Bernabe. Inca Religion and Customs. Roland Hamilton (Translator), Paperback, New Ed edition, University of Texas Press, May 1, 1990. Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro. (translated by Sir Clement Markham). History of the Incas. 1907. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1999.